Social Studies: Class:10 Unit: 3 Our Traditions, Social Values and Norms (All)
3.2 Our Folk Songs
Folk Song:
An introduction
-The
traditional songs, sung in folk tune using traditionally available musical
instruments according to place, culture, religion, and race are called folk
songs.
-It
reflects the socio-economic life of people and deals with their feelings,
adventures, love, romantic moments, happiness, sorrow, dissatisfaction towards
political system and other cultural aspects.
-It
is local song sung with local tunes by a particular community or group of
people.
Characteristics of folk
songs:
1.
They depict life style of common people.
2.
They originate from oral tradition.
3.
They reflect spontaneity, no professional trainings.
4.
They are simple to understand.
5.
They are connected to particular region, ethnicity, festival or historical
events.
6.
They can be performed with or without musical instruments.
Importance of Folk
songs:
1.
They are very good source of entertainment.
2.
They promote our traditional culture, norms and values by motivating youths
towards traditional practices.
3.
They catch the attention of the tourists and enhance foreign currency.
4.
They introduce our culture, community and places.
Four Ways to
Promote Folk Songs:
-
By
organizing cultural festivals.
-
By
promoting local folk songs.
-
By
making publicity through media.
- By
including the subject matters about folk music in the curriculum of schools and
colleges.
If
you meet with a famous folk singer, what questions will you ask? Prepare a list
of questionnaires.
-I
will ask the following questions if I meet a famous folk singer.
1. Would you
please tell us when you started singing?
2. What should
we do to sing a folk song?
3. How many
songs have you recorded so far?
4. What should
we do to record a song?
5. Which song
are you going to record and release in the near future?
6. Which is your
most popular song till now?
Naumati Baja :
A set of nine
musical instruments :
- Sahanai-2
- Damaha-2
- Narsinga
- Tyamko
- Jhyali
- Karnal
- Dholaki
Traditional instruments which are played together with folk songs are known as folk musical instruments.
They are played during fairs, festivals, jatras, gatherings or other ceremonies so far as they speak of a specific place, race, religion, festival, culture and people representing a particular community.
For example- Yalambar to Kirants, Sarangi to Gondarvas, Damphu to Tamang, and Panchai Baja to Damais.
Characteristics of Folk Musical Instruments:
- They are usually made from using locally available materials.
- They make songs melodious.
- They are connected to particular place, race, religion and culture.
- They are played during festivals, celebrations, jatras and other social occasions.
Classification of Nepali Folk Musical Instruments Based on Nature of
Playing...
1. Percussion Instruments
•
Played by hitting with hand and stick
(eg. Madal, Damphu, Dhyangro etc)
2.String
Instruments:
•
Played by creating vibration on the
wire or string. (eg. Sarangi, Sitar etc)
3.
Wind Instruments:
·
Played by blowing air/ wind into them.
(eg. Bansuri, Murali, Harmonium etc)
Popular Folk Musical Instruments in Nepal:
a) Sahanai: - Made up of copper pipe slightly bent with few holes and a reed on the top and is played by blowing air.
b)Jhyali/ Jhurma/ Jhyamta :- a pair of instruments made up of bronze or brass and looks like a plate and is played by hitting to each other.
c)Damaha/ Nagara:- Made up of copper and skin and is played by hitting with hands or strong sticks.
d) Tyamko: - Similar to Damaha but is smaller in size and made up of hollow copper wrapped by leather and is played by hitting with two drumsticks called Gajo.
e)Narsingha: -Made up of two pieces of semi circular copper tubes and looks like a horn and is played by blowing air.
Other
Musical Instruments
Associated with Nepalese Cultures and Lifestyles are:
2. Madal:
-Made
up of a hollow cylinder covered with animal skin from both sides and joined
with leather strings and is played by hitting both hands.
-
Magar were first to use it and is popular among other ethnic groups now.
-It
is the most popular folk musical instrument of Nepal.
3. Murali/ Bansuri:
-Made
up of a thin hollow bamboo pipe called ‘Nigalo’ by making small holes on it and
is played by blowing air through mouth.
4. Sarangi:
-
Made up of a piece of Khirro wood fastening four strings and is played by using
a small string tied into a semi-circular stick.
-
It is mainly played by Gandarvas.
5. Khaijadi:
-
Made up of wood and is covered with skin on one side and is played with one
hand by holding in another hand while singing Bhajan, Roila and Balan and is
famous among Brahmin communities.
6. Damphu:
-Made up of
hollow wood stretched by lether over one edge and looks like a small drum and
is popular in Tamang community.
7.
Dholak/ Dhol:
-
Made up of a hollow cylinder of wood by stretching leather over both of the
edges and is similar to madal but bigger than it and is played similar to
Madal.
8.
Shankha:
-Made
up of shell of snail found in ocean and is played by blowing air through mouth
during religious or funeral occasions by Hindus.
9.
Pung: Made up of an ox horn by making a
hole it and is popular among the Kiranths of Solokhumbu district.
10. Pungi/ Bin: Made up of a coconut shell and a
piece of bamboo and is played by blowing air by snake charmers to make snake
dance.
11. Urni:
Made with combination off hard bark of coconut, skin and stick and is practiced
by the Dhimals.
12. Shringinad : Made
up of horns of Krishnasar (deer) and is played by blowing air by Jogies who roam home to home to chase
evils away.
13. Yalambar; Made up of two strings that are tied into a
piece of bamboo and is popular among Kirants.
14. Murchunga: Made up of iron and produces sound as same as
Binayo and is famous among Kirants.
15. Dafali: Made up with wooden or metal frame with one
side covered with leather and is used in Holi in Terai esp. in Mithila culture.
16. Binayo: Made up of small cord attached to a bomboo and is famous among Kirant community.
|
SN |
Musical Instruments |
Materials requirred |
Caste related |
|
1 |
Madal |
Wood, skin, dust of bronze |
Esp.
Magar & all castes too |
|
2 |
Sarangi |
Wood
, wire |
Gandarbha |
|
3 |
Tyamko |
Wood
, skin |
Damai |
|
4 |
Damaha |
Copper,
skin |
Damai |
|
5 |
Sahanai |
Metal,
wood |
Damai |
|
6 |
Jhyali |
Bronze |
Newar,
Damai |
|
7 |
Narsinga |
Copper |
Damai |
|
8 |
Khaijadi |
Daar
wood, skin |
Brahmin |
|
9 |
Murchunga |
Metal, skin |
Kirant |
|
10 |
Binayo |
Bamboo |
All |
|
11 |
Dhol |
Skin,
wood |
Damai and some other castes |
|
12 |
Dhyangro |
Skin, wood |
Dhami,
jhakri |
|
13 |
Damphu |
Wood,
skin |
Tamang |
|
14 |
Daphali |
Wood,
skin |
Terai people |
Ways
to preserve the musical instruments which are in the verge/ condition of
extinct or disappearance or peril:
-
Government should establish many musical
instrument museums like Nepali Folk Musical Instrument Museum.
-
Government should foster the concerned
group of people for the use of such musical instruments.
-
Publicity of such musical instruments
should be made at national and international level.
-
NGOs and INGOs should be encouraged to
carry research and preserve the folk musical instruments in Nepal.
-
Government should give priority for the
manufacturing of such musical instruments and conduct some competition time and
again.
Jhalak
Man Gandarva: An Introduction
3.6
International Personalities
International
Personalities: An Introduction
Those
individuals who have contributed greatly for the sake of humanity, nation and
the world as a whole are recognized as international personalities. Such people
are the common asset of the world. Their philanthropic deeds have become the
source of inspiration for many people in the world.
1.
Martin Luther King Jr.
· In 1963,Martin Luther organized the march on Washington, an assembly
of more than 200,000 protestors during which he made his famous "I have a
dream" speech. The march influenced the passage of the Civil Rights Act of
1964, and King was awarded the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize.
·
He helped form the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 which was an organization that
worked for civil rights.
·
He was the leader of the
entire civil rights movement in the 1960s that called for working out conflicts
with kindness and love as opposed to hate and violence.
·
Martin Luther King Jr.
fought for and achieve mandatory equal voting rights in America for blacks and
whites.
·
Martin Luther King Jr. demanded
equal treatment in restaurants for people of all races.
·
Martin Luther King Jr.'s
nonviolent peaceful demonstrations proved to the world that action without
violence can be effective and successful.
·
Because of Martin Luther
King Jr., it is no longer legal in the United States to segregate or
discriminate based on skin color.
2.
Kailash Satyarthi
Ø Kailash
Satyarthi was born in the Vidisha district of Madhya Pradesh in India. After
completing an electrical engineering degree, he worked as a teacher in the
area.
Ø In 1980, he left
teaching and founded the organization Bachpan
Bachao Andolan, which has freed thousands of children from slave-like
conditions. He has also been active in a wide range of other organizations
working against child labor and for children's rights to education.
Ø Much of the
world's population, especially in poor countries, is made up of children and
young people. To achieve a peaceful world, it is crucial that the rights of
children and young people be respected.
Ø Following the
tradition of Mahatma Gandhi, Indian activist Kailash Satyarthi has waged a
peaceful struggle to stop children being exploited as labor instead of
attending school. He has also contributed to the development of international
conventions on the rights of children.1.
3. Jhamak
Kumari Ghimire
Ø Jhamak
Ghimire was born in July 1980 in the village of Kachide in Dhankuta Municipality
of Dhankuta district. She is a Nepali
writer and a columnist at the Kantipur newspaper.
Ø She
wrote books with her left leg. She was born with cerebral palsy and writes with
her left foot.
Ø She
had been awarded with the Madan Puraskar (the most popular award given to the
writer for his or her contribution in Nepalese Literature) for her
auto-biography Jiwan Kada Ki Phool (Is Life a Thorn or Flower).
Ø Sankalpa,
Aafnai Chita Agni Shikhatir, Manchhe Bhitraka Yoddaharu and Quaati are her
poetry works.
Ø Beside
Ghimire is awarded by Kabita Ram Bal Sahitya Prativa Puraskar 2055, Aswikrit
Bichar Sahitya Andolan, Aswikrit Bichar Sahitya Puraskar 2056, Aswikrit Bichar
Sahitya Andolan and Madan Puraskar 2067.
4.Malala Yusufajai
Ø On 9th October 2012, while on a bus in the Swat District, after taking exam, Yousufzai and two other girls were shot by a Pakistani Taliwan gunman in an assassination attempt in retaliation(harmful attempt) for her activism and hit by a bullet and remained unconcsious and critical condition at the Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, but her condition later improved enough for her to be transferred to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham, UK where she lives today.
Ø The Nobel Peace Prize 2014- “ for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children education.”
5.Pasang Lhyamu Sherpa
Ø Still she is a source of inspiration for all Nepalese women for their courage to rise from their level and perform adventurous activities to glorify the nation.
Ø Pasang Lhamu Sherpa had a dream to be the first Nepali woman to summit Everest and she did it in her life.
Ø On April 22, 1993, 31-year-old Pasang Lhamu Sherpa accomplished what no Nepali women, and only a few Nepali men had in the country’s mountaineering history — against all odds, she became the first Nepali woman to summit Everest.
The courtesy that regards the world as a common home and the people on it as own family members is defined as universal brotherhood. In it, the world is accepted as a global village or a family. People live harmoniously as family members and share joys and sorrows.
Universal Brotherhood is essential for following significant reasons:
- To establish the feelings that we all are equal.
- To establish peace and order in the society.
- To abolish racial discrimination, narrow minded nationalism, regionalism and classicism.
- To transform an individual into a responsible being.
- To make the world a better living place for everyone.
- To cultivate cosmic love as an essence of life.
Global Fraternity is a term refers to ideal state that we expect and imagine on this planet. The earth is a common habitat not only for the human being but also for many other creatures and vegetation.
It is the urgency of today’s world to maintain universal brotherhood. Some significant ways to promote or maintain universal brotherhood are listed below:
i) Everyone must remain much sensitive not to break the bond of universal brotherhood.
ii) Everyone has to develop mutual conversation, acceptance of diversity, ideal feeling and awareness of spirituality.
iii) Everyone has to avoid egoism, suppression, superiority and build up fraternity by developing cooperation.
iv) All human beings should remember that the mother earth (nature) is common home to all living and non-living beings/ things.
v) Everyone should be guided by ethical values in their activities. For instance, our guests are our gods.
vi) Acceptance of diversity is another important measure of universal brotherhood.
Advantages of Universal Brotherhood
Disadvantages of Narrow-mindedness /
Disadvantages of non-cooperation & extreme nationalism
1. It develops universal unity and togetherness.
2. It establishes social harmony ad mutual respect.
3. It nurtures the culture of cooperation and agreement.
1. It plants conflicts among people.
2. Though it develops physical infrastructures, it lacks emotional attachment, faith and belief.
3. It boosts hatred and narrow-minded criticism.
“Respecting family and parents develops fraternity and brotherhood.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
I do strongly believe in the following statement due to following reasons:
- Respecting family and parents nurtures a culture of respect.
- Respect pays respects. When we respect family and parents we get respect from them.
- When we respect family and parents, it teaches us the value of family.
- If we get the value of love and respect, we do value others family and parents. This ultimately helps to develop fraternity and brotherhood.
Universal Brotherhood, Our most Precious Possession. |
i. Universal Brotherhood, Our most Precious Possession.
ii. One Earth One Home.
iii. All Human Beings are Equal.
iv. Universal Brotherhood for Peace and Prosperity.
Elderly people who are at 60 and above 60 years are known as senior citizens. They are the source of inspirations, knowledge and experiences. It is the family responsibility to take care of them as per their needs. According to Senior Citizens Act of Nepal-2063, People having completed the age of 60 years are called senior citizens.
The Senior Citizens Rules-2065 BS has classifies the senior citizens as Senior citizens, helpless senior citizens and infirm or incompetent senior citizens. Likewise, for the purpose of social security allowance, they have been classified on the following bases:
i) Senior citizens below 70 years.
ii) Senior citizens above 70 years.
iii) Helpless senior citizens.
iv) Infirm senior citizens.
v) Single senior citizens (i.e. widow, widower and unmarried)
Elderly Age is a natural phenomenon. We can see following symptoms during an elderly age:
- Change in structure of skin ( wrinkle, stretches, etc)
- Weak joints.
- Grey hair.
- Fall of teeth.
- Heart and Lung problems.
- Difficulty in walking.
- Loss of sleep.
- Indigestion.
- Short-temperedness.
- Loss of visibility, hearing, and remembrance, etc.
The situation of senior citizens in my locality is satisfactory which can be stated through following points:
i) They spend whole day at their houses.
ii) They look after their grand children and tell the moral stories.
iii) They collect vegetables from the field and make them ready for cooking.
iv) They care their livestock when their children are away. They give grass and fodder (bfgf) to them.
v) They are behaved as highly respectable people as people bow their head wherever they meet elderly people.
i) The constitution of Nepal has guaranteed the rights of senior citizens. (Senior citizens shall have the rights to special protection and social security from the state-Part-3, article 41)
ii)Implementation of Senior citizens Act-2063 and Senior Citizens Rules- 2065 which have stressed on the duty of all to respect the senior citizens.
iii) Provision of paying pension to government employees in their old age.
iv) Provision of RS.3000 monthly allowance as social security of them.
v) They are given 50% discount in public transportation.
vi) Provision of reservation of at least two seats in a vehicle of public transportation.
vii) Provision of free health checkup and treatment in government hospital.
Senior citizens are important members of our community. They are our parents, grandparents and people who have contributed to the history of our community and our families in so many ways:
i) They are important because of their long accumulated knowledge, wisdom and experience.
ii)They have much to teach us.
iii) They can be helpful in applying lessons of life. i.e. self-esteem, self-respect, self-discipline.
iv)Wisdom of an experience senior citizens can be a strong guiding force for the untrained and fresh minds. They can offer practical experience to youths.
v) They can help in the time of disappointment and grief, illness and heartache.
How should we honour and assist the senior citizens by the state and family members in this modern situation? Mention your constructive suggestions in four points.
In this modern situation, we should honour and assist the senior citizens in the following ways:
- We should ask for advice from them since they have an abundance of experience.
- We ought to eat together, spend time with them and listen to them deliberately.
- We need to tell and act to show appreciate and respect to them.
- We ought to discuss family heritage, history and traditions with them.
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