Social Studies: Grade: 10 Unit: 2 - Development and Infrastructures of Development (All)
Grade: 10 (Social Studies)
Unit: 2- Development and Infrastructures of Development (All)
2.1. Sustainable Development
2.2 Development Projects Running/Ongoing Projects in Nepal
2.3 Infrastructure of Development: Skilled Human Resource & Employment
2.4 Contemporary Development Goals and Nepal
2.5 Formulation of Development Proposal at Local level
Unit: 2 Development
and Infrastructures of Development
1. Sustainable Development
Development
Positive and progressive change on any sector of life or nation
is termed as development.
Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own
needs is known as Sustainable development. General Assembly of the UNO in December 1983 introduced the concept of sustainable development through Brundtland Commission.
Objectives of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is a concept which aims at prolonging a
development and conserving environment as well as natural resources. Its
objectives are as follows:
→To support in poverty alleviation.
→To have human development and progress.
→To conserve environment effectively.
→To make optimum utilization of means and resources.
→To have high, stable and long term economic growth.
→To maintain social justice for needy, differently-able and
women.
Values and Priciples/ Characteristics/
Advantages/Importance of Sustianable Development
Sustainable
development is eco-friendly and thus discourages over exploitation of nature.
Its core value is to encourage 3 ‘R’= Recycling, Renewal and Reuse materials. It rests on following
principles/ characteristics:
→It helps in sustainable management of means and resources.
→It assists to hand over safe and secured future. (Future
generation) (Our Common Future)
→It focuses on the conservation of nature and environment.
→It controls the trend of over exploitation of resources.
→It promotes wide and high economic growth.
→It emphasizes the use of the resources that can be reused and
recycled.
Dimensions/ Spectrums
of Sustainable Development
As per the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization), SD has following four
spectrums of human life and nation:
i) Economic Spectrum (Competitive Economy)
ii) Socio-cultural Spectrum (Healthy Community)
iii) Natural Spectrum (Nature Protection)
iv) Political Spectrum (Stable Political System)
Two others: Humanity based Spectrum and Effective and
Accountable Administration
Sustainable
Development Goals (2016-2030)
|
SDG 1: End all forms of poverty |
SDG
10: Reduce Inequality |
|
SDG 2: End hunger |
SDG
11: Safe Cities and Communities |
|
SDG 3: Well being |
SDG
12: Responsible Consumption by all |
|
SDG 4: Quality Education |
SDG
13: Stop Climate Change |
|
SDG 5: Gender Equality |
SDG
14: Protect the Ocean |
|
SDG 6: Water and Sanitation for all |
SDG
15: Take Care of Earth |
|
SDG 7: Affordable and Sustainable Energy |
SDG
16: Live in Peace |
|
SDG 8: Decent Work for all |
SDG
17: Mechanism and Partnership to reach the goals |
|
SDG 9: Technology to benefit all |
Questions for Practice
Very short Questions:
1. What is sustainable development?
2. When was the concept of sustainable development brought
forth into the world?
3. What was Brandtland Commission?
4. What is ‘Our Common Future.’
☻ Write very short
questions from the text page number 38 ( Question No. 1, 2, 3 & 4).
Short Questions:
1. What are the advantages/ features of Sustainable Development?
2. What activities should Nepal do for sustainable development?
3. What are the spectrums of sustainable development as defined
by the UNESCO? Discuss them in brief.
4. Prepare a dialogue on the topic of sustainable development.
2.2 Development Projects Running in Nepal
Project: A planned piece of work is known as project.
Development Project: A development work is a plan of actions with fixed objectives to
be achieved in fixed time meant for development. At present, there are 21 such glorious projects in operation in
our country. Among them, four significant projects are discussed here.
1. Presidential
(Rastrapati) Chure Conservation Programme:
Objectives: -To solve the multi-sectorial problems of Chure region of Nepal
and maintain balance between human life and environment protecting
biodiversity.
-Started in 2067/68BS under the Ministry of Forest and
Environment.
-Declared a project of national pride in 2070/71BS.
-Extends from Ilam in the East to Kanchanpur district ranging
from altitude 200mt to 2100mt in the West.
Funder: The Government of Nepal.
Objectives: To develop Pokhara as an international tourist destination/
alternative of TIA.
-Started from 1st Baisakh, 2073 BS.
- Areas 3600
ropanies of land.
- Chinese company has been constructing it.
- Estimated budget is 7 billion
rupees.
-Its main aim is to establish Pokhara as a tourist hub.
3. Upper Tamakoshi
and Budhi Gandaki Hydropower Projects:
|
Budhi Gandaki Hydropower Project |
Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project |
|
●Location: At the border of Gorkha
and Dhading district about 80 km away from KTM. ●Capacity-1200MW ●Expected capital- 260 billion ●Funding- World Bank, ADV etc. ●Duration- 94 months ● Source- Budhi Gandaki River |
●Location- North Dolkha ●Capacity- 456MW ●Expected budget-35.29 billion ●Funding- Nepal Electricity
Authority, Employees Provident Fund, Nepal Telecom, Nepal Insurance Company
etc. ●Source- Tama Koshi River |
4. Mid-hill Highway ( Puspalal Lokmarga)
Objectives- To
connect the people of Hill and Mountain region of Nepal with road network.
•Started in 2064/65 BS, to be completed in 2074/75 BS but
expected to be completed in 2077/78 BS.
•Length- 1776 km from Chyangthupu of Panchthar to Jhuaghat of
Baitadi.
•Targeted Group- 70 lakh people, 215 villages, 23 districts.
•Funder- Government of Nepal.
•Estimated budget- 7,918 crore.
Problems faced by Development Projects in Nepal:
-Lack of fund
- Political instability
-Strike by Trade Union
–Load shedding
-Lack of skilled human resources
-Dependency on foreign assist.
Importance of Midhill
Highway
Midhill Highway’s importance in four points:
i). The highway will
facilitate the people in the Hilly region since it runs from East to West
(Mechi to Mahakali).
ii).The transportation
problem will be solved to greater extent.
iii). Even the
citizens living in the Himalayan region will be benefitted from this with the
access to Hilly and Terai regions.
iv). It will help in
export and import of required goods in necessity areas and stops migration to
Terai.
Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project is called a project of
National Pride, why? In which sectors of the national developments are directly
benefitted from this project? Identify any three sectors and write them.
→ Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project is called a project of
National Pride because its completion has direct impact on country’s
development. Economic, social and environmental sectors are directly benefitted
from it.
i) It boosts up the
electric power of Nepal and enhances development of industries in the country.
ii) It improves the
quality of the life of the citizens.
iii) It helps to
reduce consumption of fossil fuels and increases consumption of green energy.
→ Most of the Governmental and Non Governmental projects in Nepal
are based on foreign aids because of following reasons:
i) Nepal
is a poor country which cannot invest alone in development.
ii) Our politics is always looking for an opportunity to misuse
the grants and aids.
iii) Nepal’s image at international level is dismal. Thus,
different countries are investing for political benefits.
iv) Nepal is not able to stand on its own feet due to lack of
political instability.
Can Nepal get prosperity by exporting hydroelectricity?
Give your logics in four points.
→Of course, Nepal can get prosperity by exporting hydroelectricity
because of following four points:
i). Nepal can get foreign currency through the export.
ii). Nepal gets name and fame through this which enhances
tourism.
iii). Nepal has high potentiality of producing hydroelectricity
which is more than 83000MW.
iv). The economy of the nation would be promoted.
Questions for Practice
Very short questions:
1. What should be done
for the succession of project of national pride? Write in a point.
2. Show in a table any
two projects of national glory with objectives that are in operation inn your
community or development region.
3. What type of
development is needed to solve the problem of your locality? Write in a
sentence.
4. What are the types
of project based on funding?
5. Name any two local
projects running in your locality.
Short questions:
1. Highlight the
importance of projects for the development of a nation.
2. Midhill highway is
one of the ongoing projects of Nepal. State its importance in four points.
3. Introduce briefly
the projects of national glory that is in operation in your community province
on the basis of the following points.
–Name of the
project –Objective – Coverage area –Expected achievement
4. Write any four
problems faced by development projects in Nepal.
5. Most projects in
Nepal are unable to meet the targeted objectives. Write any two reasons and
write two solutions of it.
6. Give a brief
introduction of any two of the national projects being implemented in Nepal.
7. What might be long
term advantages of the Budhi Gandaki Hydro Project? Think and Write.
2.3 Infrastructure of Development: Skilled Human Resource &
Employment
Infrastructure: Infrastructures are the basic requirements needed for running any
activity in a nation such as means, resources, technology, structures, peace
etc. (key factors to progress)
Types of Resources (Two Types)
- Natural Resources
- Human Resources
|
Natural Resources |
Human Resources |
|
The useful materials that we get from the earth
naturally such as fossil fuels: coal, oil & natural gas, animals &
plants. |
People and their particular abilities, skill, &
concepts as a resource such as labourers, drivers, doctors etc. |
Importance of Skilled
Human Resource
-To make optimum utilization of available natural resources.
-To develop proper plans and execute them.
- To manage required means and resources.
- To contribute for national development.
- To arrange appropriate trainings and mobilize other human
resources.
- To update communication and information system.
- To visit, research and identify facts on development or gear up the pace of development.
Strategies of Producing/
Ways to produce Skilled Human Resource
Relationship between Skilled Human Resource and employment
Skilled human
resources are likely to get employment soon. A company or employer always seeks
skilled human resources who could contribute to the company. If opportunities
are given to skilled human resources, they will work effectively and
efficiently to produce quality results. If they are equipped with specific
trainings or skills, they will open up the door to employment opportunities.
Thus, skilled human resource and employment have close connection.
Four Efforts made by
the Government to prepare Skilled Manpower
- Provision of scholarship for the students at different levels.
- Emphasis on technical and vocational trainings.
- Provision of training in different parts of the country for producing semi-skilled manpower.
Questions for Practice
Very short questions:
1. What are the types
of resources? Write names.
2. Find a difference between means and
resources.
3. What is meant by
skilled human resource? Write in a sentence.
4. Show a difference
between human resource and natural resource.
5. Why is human
resource important?
Short questions:
1. Imagine you are a
skilled human resource of the country, how do you contribute to nation building
and development?
2.Draft any four
questions to be asked to a person who has returned after working abroad
regarding the problems faced there during working time.
3. Why is skilled
human resource necessary for the development of the country? Discuss.
4. Mention the role of
natural and human resource for the development of the country. Explain briefly
in four points.
5. Introduce skilled
human resource. Describe the role of skilled human resource in development of
country.
6. Clarify the
relationship between skilled human resource and employment.
7. Write any four
efforts made by the government to prepare skilled manpower.
8. Write an editorial
on ‘Skilled Human Resources for Development.’
9. ‘A country remains
underdeveloped without the development of human resource.’ Write a speech on
the title.
10. How can human
resource be produced? Write the ways.
2.4 Contemporary
Development Goals and Nepal
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The concept of Sustainable Goals was started in June, 2012 AD at Rio de Generio, Brazil and September, 2014 AD by the General Assembly of United Nations. According to the strategy of Sustainable Development Goals, Nepal has planned to get promoted to the list of developing countries from the list of the least developed countries before 2022 AD.
Sustainable
Development Goals (2016-2030)
|
SDG 1: End all forms of poverty |
SDG
10: Reduce Inequality |
|
SDG 2: End hunger |
SDG
11: Safe Cities and Communities |
|
SDG 3: Well being |
SDG
12: Responsible Consumption by all |
|
SDG 4: Quality Education |
SDG
13: Stop Climate Change |
|
SDG 5: Gender Equality |
SDG
14: Protect the Ocean |
|
SDG 6: Water and Sanitation for all |
SDG
15: Take Care of Earth |
|
SDG 7: Affordable and Sustainable Energy |
SDG
16: Live in Peace |
|
SDG 8: Decent Work for all |
SDG
17: Mechanism and Partnership to reach the goals |
|
SDG 9: Technology to benefit all |
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
The Millennium Development Goals are eight goals with measurable
targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world’s poorest
people. To meet these goals and eradicate poverty, leaders of 189 countries
signed the historic millennium declaration at the United Nations Millennium
Summit in 2000. The declaration set 8 goals with 21 measurable targets and a
series of measurable health and economic indicators. It vowed to achieve the
set goals and targets by 2015 AD.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
|
MDGs 1: End Poverty and Hunger |
MDGs 5: Improve Maternal Health |
|
MDGs 2: Universal Primary Education |
MDGs 6: Combat HIV/AIDS &
other diseases like malaria and TB |
|
MDGs 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women |
MDGs 7:Ensure Environmental
Sustainabiity |
|
MDGs 4: Reduce Child Mortality |
MDGs 8: Develop a Global
Partnership for Development |
i). National Tourism Strategy Plan for Nepal (2016-2025)
ii). Certainty of Inclusive Education, Health, Electricity,
Sanitation, and Gender equality for all.
iii). Upgrading Nepal from the list of underdeveloped country to
developing country.
iv). Eradicating poverty by 2030 AD.
Challenges faced by Nepal for
running development works
i). Lack of Capital
ii). Shortage of Skilled Human Resource
iii). Corruption
iv).
Over dependency on foreign aids
Ways to solve
challenges of Sustainable Development works
i). Formation of national policy to increase
export and reduce import
ii). Free education
to all
iii). Social
isolation of corrupts
iv). Formation of
internal capital for investment
Questions for Practice
Very short questions:
1. What are Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
2. Write one important achievement that Nepal achieved in
reference to the Millennium Development Goals.
3. Write any two sustainable development goals.
4. Write the full form of the following: SDG and MDG.
Short questions:
1. Which among the goals of Sustainable Development is more important?
Write your views.
2. Has Nepal been able to successful in achieving the
targets according to MDGs? Give a detail.
3. What are the indicators of Sustainable Development Goal?
Mention in points.
4. There are challenges on achieving the targets set by
Sustainable Development Goals. How can Nepal achieve them? Suggest any four
strategies.
2.5 Formulation of
Development Proposal at Local level
Planning: Planning is the process of setting
goals, developing strategies and outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish
specific goals.
Proposal: A formal suggestion or plan.
Development Proposal: Development proposal is the detailed
draft of overall development programme including specific objectives and time
period.
Formulation of Plan: Formulation of plan is
a draft of detailed plan to achieve certain objectives with in a fixed period of
time using available resources.
Local Bodies of
Nepal: Rural municipality
(460), municipality (276), sub-metropolitan cities(11) and metropolitan cities
(6) are the local bodies of Nepal. ( In these units, total words-6743)
A Development Proposal
Includes:
a) Introduction
b) Objectives
c)
Affected areas and no. of Families
d) Cost
e) Donation of Volunteer
f) Work place
g) Starting Date and Duration
h) Means and Resources
i) Implementation
j) Benefits to the area
k) Name list of Consumer Committee
l) Conclusion
Steps/ Process of
Formulating Local Plans
i) Minuting and Presentation
ii)
Agreement on Project
iii) Problem Prioritization
iv)
Situation Study
v) Relation Establishment
Steps/ Process for
Executing Plans at Local Level
i) Consumers’ meeting
ii) Prioritization of
problems in groups
iii) Budgeting
iv) Recommendation for
approval of plan from the Village Executive or Municipal Executive.
v) Formation of
Consumers’ Committee
vi) Agreement and
Executing Plan
vii) Budget
clarification and record (Once the plan gets completed)
viii) Certificate of
work completion to the consumer group
Following Components:
i) Identification of
possible needs
ii) Selection of need
on the basis of priority
iii) Proposal
formation
iv) Budget Source
v) Agreement between
consumers’ group
vi) Execution of
Construction
vii) Supervision and
Evaluation
‘The local level development plan and its implementation bring positive impact in development of local level.’ Clarify in four points.
i) Local level development plan and its implementation help to take
effective decisions.
ii) It motivates people to achieve them in
time.
iii) It manages risks and uncertainty with
positive notes.
iv) It distributes equal responsibility to
the people.
“Formulation of effective development proposal is half
completion of the project.” Explain the statement.
- There is an old saying
that ‘Well begun is half done.’ The mentioned statement reveals the same. The
statement hints that a well planning will make the things easier to do. Once a
project is well begun, there is no need to put more effort to finish it. Formulating an effective development proposal
encourages stakeholders to give their best to complete the half left. Therefore,
this statement is aptly true.
Questions for Practice
Very short questions:
1) Define formulation of plan.
2) Is public participation important while formulating plans at
local level? Why?
3) What are the local bodies of Nepal?
4) What is development proposal?
Short questions:
1) Present any four bases while formulating plan in local level.
2) What development activities have been carried out by the
local bodies in your community? Write in four points.
3) How can planning be formulated? Explain any two important
steps.
4) Suppose you are given the responsibility of Chief Minister of
your province through recently held election. Write any four points on the role
you play for the development of your province.
( All Images Credit: Google Images)
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