Grade- 10 (Social Studies) Unit-9 Our International Relation and Cooperation 9.1 UNO and Its Organs, 9.2 Specialized Agencies of the UNO, 9.3 Role of Nepal in the UNO, 9.4 The UN Activities in Nepal, 9.5 Contemporary Events and their Impacts, & 9.6 Globalization and Localization

 

Unit-9 International Relation, Peace and Co-operation

9.1 United Nations Organization and Its Organs

-         It is an international organization established to maintain world peace and promote               

       international understanding and mutual co-operation.
-         Its headquarter lies in New York city, New York, USA.
-         It was established on 24^th October, 1945 AD.
-         It has 6 official languages such as English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese & Arabic.

  Its main Purposes/ Objectives:
- to maintain international peace and security.
-to develop friendly relation among the nations of the world.
-to protect and promote human rights, dignity and freedom.
-to work for economic and social progress of the world.
-to achieve international co-operation for solving the problem of a nation or the world.

The Organs of UNO (United Nations Organization)

UNO functions with 6 major organs:

1. The General Assembly:  The common meeting hall of all the member nations of the UNO is known as General Assembly. It is also called UN parliament. It takes place on 3^rd September every year.   

Major Functions:

• -         It prepares plans, policies and programmes of UNO.
• -          It passes budget of UNO.
• -         It makes recommendation for membership.
• -         It conducts elections for various positions of UN bodies.
• -         It appoints the Secretary General.

2.  The Security Council: It is made up of 15 member states consisting of 5 permanent and 10 temporary members. The permanent members are from The United States, Britain, Russia, France and China. The temporary members are selected from the General Assembly for two years term in turn by turn on a regional basis. The five permanent members can hold veto- a special right which can reject any decision made by General Assembly.

Major Functions:

• -         It maintains peace and security.
• -         It brings resolution in any conflict or war.
• -         It mobilizes peace keeping force for peace and order.
• -         It recommends to the General Assembly for the appointment of the Secretary General and membership of new nations. 

3.. The Economic and Social Council:  It has 54 member states elected by General Assembly for the tenure of  3 years on the bases of geographical representation. The president gets changed every year. It is the central platform with three major dimensions of sustainable development: Economic, Social and Environmental.

Major Functions:

• -         It fulfills any responsibility given by the General Assembly.
• -         It deals with the problems related to economic, social, cultural, developmental           and humanitarian aspects of the member countries.
• -         It promotes human rights and fundamental rights
• -         It organizes international conferences related to development issues.

 

4.   The Trusteeship Council:  It is one of the principal organs of the UNO. It is composed of 5 permanent members of the Security Council.

Major Functions:

• -         It assists and guides the newly independent colonized countries to be independent.
• -         It undertakes periodic and other specific mission to Trust territories.
• -         It functions for the political, economic, social and educational advancement of the people.

5. The International Court of Justice: It is the judicial court of the UNO with its office in Hague, Netherlands. There are 15 judges elected by the General Assembly for the tenure of 9 years where 5 judges from permanent members. Its official languages are English and French.

Major Functions:

• -         It settles the disputes among the member states through adjudication (formal judgment).
• -         It functions as legal advisor to the UN and it s agencies.
• -         It interprets UN charter, and the treaties, pacts or agreements.

6. The Secretariat: It is the administrative body and the headquarters of the UNO. It is headed by the Secretary General and other subordinates for the tenure of 5 years. Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

Major Functions:

• -         The Secretariat carries out daily works of the UNO.
• -         S/he works as mediator to solve international dispute.
• -         S/he keeps records of the UN activities.
• -         S/he also disseminates news about the ongoing activities of the UNO.

Terms and Conditions/ Provisions to get membership of UNO

• The Article 4 of UN Charter has following provisions to obtain the membership of UNO:

  1.  The country wanting to be a member must submit an application with a formal declaration that the country accepts the terms of the UN Charter.

• 2. The country must be willing to provide whatever support asked by the UNO at any time.

• 3. The General Assembly must pass the membership considering the country as a peace loving one and carrying out the UN obligations.

• 4. The country must be committed to peace and must be present at the meetings at several levels of the UNO.

• If you are appointed as the Secretary General of the UNO, what programmes would you like to launch in Nepal?

    If I were appointed as the Secretary General of the UNO, I would launch following              

    programmes in Nepal:

1. -     Preservation of Human Rights and Conflict Management.

2. -        Awareness programmes to prevent girl trafficking and drug abuse.
3. -         Renovation of Ancient monuments.
4. -         Village and town health programmes.
5. -         Programmes against child labour.
6. -         Management and rehabilitation of Refugees.
7. -         Programmes for environmental conservation etc.

                                                        Questions for Practice 

Very short questions:

1. Differentiate between General Assembly and the Security Council in a sentence.

2. Mention any two measures to eliminate partially ongoing tussles in the world at present.

3. Write the objective of League of Nation in a sentence.

4. Failure of League of Nation gave birth to the Second World War. Write your positive response in one sentence.

5. In your opinion, which is the main responsible nation to make the League of Nations fail? Write your logic in a sentence.

6. What was the Atlantic Charter and when was it signed?

7. What is Veto power and how many countries have veto power as per the UNO?

Short questions:

1. Differentiate between General Assembly and the Security Council in four points.

2. When was the UNO established? Give the historical background of its establishment.

3. Why is the Security Council considered as the executive organ of the UNO? Write in four points.

4. Write the name of any two bodies of UNO and state two functions of each.

5. Why is UN secretary known as the administrative organ? Write with examples.

6. Is it appropriate or not to have influence of the powerful nations in the decision process of the UN? Write your argument in four points.

7. Compare the Security Council and Trusteeship Council of UNO in two points.

8. General Assembly is also known as the parliament of UNO, why? Justify in four points.

9. Give a short introduction to UNO and write its objectives.

9.2 Specialized Agencies of the UNO

UN Specialized Agencies: UN specialized agencies are legally independent international organizations with their own rules, membership, organs and financial resources which were brought into relationship with the United Nations through negotiated agreements.

 Specialized Agencies of the UNO:

SN	Organizations/ Agencies Name	Establishment & Headquarters	Objectives & Functions
1.	International Telecommunication Union (ITU)	17th May 1865 Geneva, Switzerland	-To promote Telecommunication worldwide. - To expand communication in the rural areas. -To arrange interconnection between different nations.
2.	World Meteorological Organization (WMO)	1873 AD Geneva, Switzerland	- Work to forecast and study weather. - To establish meteorological stations. -To provide information on Hydrology and meteorology. (atmosphere)
3.	Universal Postal Union (UPU)	9th October 1874 Bern, Switzerland	-To develop postal service & network worldwide. -To provide technical support to postal services. -To coordinate postal policies among member nations.
4.	International Labour Organization (ILO)	11th April 1919 Geneva, Switzerland	-To work for the welfare of the labourers. .    (financial & social security) - To formulate labour law -To work against child labour.
5.	Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)	16th Oct, 1945 Geneva, Switzerland	-To promote agro-products and markets. -To provide trainings to farmers. -To work against hunger.
6.	International Monetary Fund (IMF)	27th Dec,1945 Washington, USA	-To solve global monetary problem. -To provide low interest loan to developing countries. -To maintain balance in payment.
7.	United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)	16th Nov, 1945 Paris, France	-To work for sustainable peace. -To promote culture, science and communication. -To preserve national heritages of the world. - To promote justice, law and human right.
8.	International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)	4th April, 1947 Montreal, Canada	-To expand and manage easy and secure aviation in the world. -To make regulations for international air transport. - To facilitate for border crossing procedure for international civil aviation.
9.	World Health Organization (WHO)	7th April, 1948 Geneva, Switzerland	-To improve the condition of public health in the world. -To provide vaccination and awareness. -To eradicate various diseases and epidemics.
10.	International Maritime Organization  (IMO)	17th March,1958 London, Britain	-Help in development of maritime transportation worldwide. -To expand legal and technical assistance in the seaways to make it safe. -To improve maritime safety and prevent its pollution.

SN	Organizations/ Agencies Name	Establishment & Headquarters	Objectives & Functions
11.	International Organization Development Association (IODA)	24th September, 1960 Washington DC, America	-To provide low interest loan to poor nations. -To focus for sustainable peace and economic growth.
12.	United Nations Industrial Development (UNIDO)	17th November, 1966 Vienna, Austria	-To encourage industrialization in developing countries. -To help in energy and environment conservation. -To assist in poverty reduction.
13.	World Intellectual Property Organization  (WIPO)	14th July, 1944 Geneva, Switzerland	-To promote intellectual property. - To encourage creative activities.
14.	International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)	15th December, 1977 Rome, Italy	-To invest in agricultural productivity of developing countries. -To provide low interest loan for eradicating rural poverty.
15.	World Bank (WB)	July 1944 Washington D.C., U.S.	-To Focus on poverty reduction and the improvement of living standards worldwide. -To provide low interest loan, interest free credit, and grants to over 100 developing countries.

UN Funds and Programmes:

SN	Fund and Programme Name	Establishment & Headquarters	Objectives & Functions
1.	United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)	22nd  November, 1965 New York, USA	-To help for sustainable development and poverty alleviation. -To support for proper utilization of resources. -To assist in energy, environment, wild lives and forest conservation.
2.	United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)	11th December, 1946 New York, USA	-To work for welfare of children. - Protection of rights and improvement of heatlh. -Rescue from war, violence and exploitation.
3.	United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)	14th December, 1950 Geneva, Switzerland	-To provide food, clothes, shelter, health facilities and security to the refugees. -To safeguard their rights to seek asylum. - Settlement in their homeland or in the host country.
4.	World Food Programme (WFP)	19th December, 1961 Rome, Italy	-The world’s largest humanitarian agency. - To eradicate hunger and malnutrition.

SN	Fund and Programme Name	Establishment & Headquarters	Objectives & Functions
5.	United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)	1997 Veinna, Austria	-To help member states fight against drugs, crime, and terrorism.
6.	United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)	1969  New York City, USA	-To ensure that every pregnancy is wanted. - Every birth is safe. - Every young person’s potential is fulfilled.
7.	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)	1964  Geneva, Switzerland	-To deal with development issues and international trade.
8.	United  Nations Environment Programmme( UNEP)	5th June, 1972 Nairobi, Kenya	-To raise voice for the environment. -To act as a catalyst, advocate, educator and facilitator to promote for sustainable development of the global environment.
9.	United Nations Relief and Work Agency (UNRWA)	8th December, 1949 Palestine	-To contribute for the welfare and human development of four generations of Palestine refugees. -Offer education, health care, relief and social services. -Camp infrastructure and emergency assistance.
10.	UN Women	2nd July 2010 New York City, USA	-Support gender equality and women’s empowerment.
11.	UN- Habitat	1978 Nairobi, Kenya	-To promote socially and environmentally sustainable human settlements. -To provide adequate shelter for all.

Other Facilities:

SN	Other Entities Name	Establishment & Headquarters	Objectives & Functions
1.	United Nations Programmme on HIV/ ADIS( UNAIDS)	1994 Geneva, Switzerland	-Co-sponsored by 10 UN  agencies: UNHRR,  UNICEF. UNEPA, UODC, UNICEF, WEP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, the ILO, UNESCO, WHO and World Bank to stop and reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS into action.
2.	United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction( UNISDR)	December, 1999 Geneva, Switzerland	-To work for disaster reduction. - To serve as the focal point in the United Nations.
3.	United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS)	December, 1973 Copenhagen, Denmark	-To support for peace building, humanitarian and development project around the world.

 

Related Organizations:

SN	Other Entities Name	Establishment & Headquarters	Objectives & Functions
1.	International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)	29th July,1957 Vienna, Austria	-To co-ordinate for co-operation in the nuclear field. -To work with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide. -To promote for the safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies.
2.	World Trade Organization (WTO)	1st January, 1995  Centre William Rappard, Geneva, Switzerland	-To negotiate trade agreements. -To sort out trade problems.
3.	Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (OPCW)	19th November. 1996 Vienna. International Centre, Austria	-To promote the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. -To build the verification regime for its proper operation.
4.	Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)	29th April, 1997 The Hague, Natherlands	-To implement body of the Chemical Weapons Conventions (CWC). -To work together to achieve a world free of chemical weapons.
5.	International Organization for Migration (IOM)	1951 Geneva, Switzerland	-To ensure the orderly and humane management of migration and promote international cooperation on migration issues. -To assist in search for practical solutions to migration problem and provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need.

Questions for Practice

Very short questions:

1. Which UN program has the main slogan ‘Zero HIV Infection, Zero Discrimination and Zero Death of HIV?’             -UNAIDS

2. Mention any one support which UNFPA can render in your community.

3. What is IUCN?

4. Write three major functions of IUCN.

Short Questions:

1.Write the full form of the following UN specialized agencies and mention one function of each of them.

i) WHO ii) FAO iii) ILO iv) UNHCR

2. Clarify the functions of UNHCR in four points.

3. What do you mean by the UN specialized agencies? Write the name and one major function of any three of them.

 

9.3 Role of Nepal in the UNO

● Nepal applied for membership of UNO in 1948 and got it on 14^th December 1955. It supported UNO by sending especial Nepal army for peace keeping in different parts over the world. Nepal is elected many times to hold the position of vice-chairman of UNO and also led the UNECO and Social and Economic Council to serve the world. Nepal’s contribution to the UN is considerable. Nepal is the 7^th largest peace keeping contributor to the United Nations. Nepal and its peace keeping force are invaluable in maintaining world peace efforts.

Role of Nepal in UNO/Contributions Nepal has rendered in to the United Nations Organization

-The roles or contributions of Nepal in UNO are:

i). Nepal has been constantly assisting as Peace Keeping Force.

ii). Nepal has been raising voice against nuclear weapons.

iii). It always aims at maintaining peace and order in the world.

iv). Nepal has actively served as a member of Security Council of UN.

v). It has raised voice of protection of rights of landlocked countries in UN sessions or meetings.

UN Peace Keeping Force and its Functions/Duties

-Peace Keeping Force is a group of soldiers deputed in warning nations or conflict areas by the United Nations Organizations. It performs varieties of tasks/ functions such as:

i). To protect both rival and opponent sides.

ii). To implement the UN decisions.

iii). To continue the peace process.

iv). To train national army or police.

v).To supplies medicines and food items to the victims.

vi). To clear landmines and other explosives.

vii).To supervise the local elections held in the area.

viii). To create terror free environment.

NAM (Non Alignment Movement) and its Goals

-NAM stands for Non Alignment Movement. It is a group of nations which will not take part any side in the fight or argument of the countries. It was established in 1961 AD in Belgrade. Its headquarters is in Jakarta, Indonesia. Currently, 120 nations are the members of NAM and there are 17 observer states. Nepal is an active member of it.  Duties/Goals of NAM are:

i). It seeks to create independent path in the world.

ii).It believes that every country has right to be independent.

iii). Recently, it functions in restructuring of the international economic order.

iv) It takes neutral position and follows the path that not to interfere in other’s issues.

# Do you agree with Nepal’s decision to send people to be part of UN peace keeping force? Give reasons for and against the decision.

-Yes, I like the ideas of sending Nepalese youngsters to the peace keeping force of UN because of following probable reasons:

i). It helps to justify Nepal’s commitment to the world peace.

ii). By this, Nepal gets proper opportunity to contribute for the betterment of the world.

iii). Nepalese youngsters have the chance to be familiarize with the current situation of the world.

iv). It has also been a tradition for Nepal to promote peace for a long time in the past.

v) It helps to maintain the bravery of the Gorkhas.

vi). It utilizes the human power and to earn foreign currency. 

UNMIN and its Contributions in Nepal

UNMIN stands for a special political mission, under the leadership of Ian Martinn in 2007AD to help in the peace process of Nepal. It was sent to Nepal on 9^th August 2006 which helped in signing the Comprehensive Peace Accord between the Government and Maoists in November 2006(5^th Mansir 2063 BS). It helped for monitoring the arms and armed personnel of Nepalese army and the Maoists militia by  registering and storing the weapons of both sides. Besides, the UNMIN also hosted a radio programme “ UNMIN KO BOLI” to aware people. At last, it departed from Nepal on 15^th January 2011 AD (1^st Magh 2067 BS) after completion of its task.

Questions for Practice

Very short questions:

1. Draw the flag and logo of the UNO.

2. Nepal sends its soldiers and police as a part of the peace keeping force every year. Mention any two drawbacks of the practice.

3. Write any one role played by Nepal as the UN member country.

Short questions:

1.  Write four roles played by Nepal in the United Nations Organization.

2. Nepal is following the Non Aligned policy. How does this policy help to fulfill the aims of the UNO? Justify your answer in four points.

Or, “Significance of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) has still remained.” Justify the statement with your logical views in four points.

3. What is peace keeping force? Write any six duties to be carried out by UN peace keeping force.

4. What does UNMIN stand for? How did it contribute Nepal in the peace building process?

5. Write a letter to the office of UNO in Nepal mentioning the ways of making the peace keeping force activities effective.                                                             

9.4 The UN Activities in Nepal

UNO has played significant role in Nepal’s over all development. It has supported in the field of socio-economic, infrastructural, political and good governance as well as smooth administration of Nepal. Several UN agencies and organizations have functioned in different areas of Nepal.

UN Agencies and Organizations Assisting in Nepal:

SN	UN Agencies & Organizations	Activities or Functions
1.	United Nation’s Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)	-It is helping Nepal inn development of education, awareness, earthquake safety and cultural preservation. -It has enlisted 10 different sites of Nepal as the World Heritages or property.
2.	United Nation’s International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNCEF)	-It has been functioning in Nepal since 1964 AD. -It works for providing children with basic rights: survival, development, protection and participation. -It works in the field of women, nutrition, health, drinking water, environment and HIV/ADIS.
3.	International Fund for Agriculture Development (ILO)	-Nepal got its membership in 1978 & 16 projects are at function at present including women empowerment. -It provides fund both in loan and grant. -It works areas like peace building, reconciliation, reconstruction, economic recovery, poverty, inequality, social marginalization etc.
4.	International Labour Organization  (ILO)	-It works for the rights of labours, labour market and right of work. - It empowers the Nepalese labours  and avoids child labour. -Nepal got its membership in 1966 AD.
5.	United Nations Programmmes for HIV/AIDS	-It aims to save maximum life and avert HIV/AIDS. -It works with the mission ‘Zero HIV infection. Zero discrimination and zero AIDS related death.’ -it supported public-private HIV platform called “SANGAM” and works for Nepal’s Community Test and Treat Competence(CTTC).
6.	United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNCDF)	-It works in the field of sex, education, reproductive health, gender violence, family management, census etc. -Its vision: every pregnancy is wanted, every child birth is safe, and every young person’s potential is fulfilled. -It runs programmes on family planning, maternal health, parental HIV testing, post natal care etc.
7.	United Nation’s Capital Development Fund (UNCDF)	-It works in the field of capital formation through decentralization, public participation and promotion of natural resources. -It addresses climate change in Nepal. -It runs projects on modern energy( solar power, wind power etc) based on ‘Clean Start.’

SN	UN Agencies & Organizations	Activities or Functions
8.	United Nation’s Human Settlement Programme (UNHSP)	-It is also known as UN Habitat, established in 1978 AD. -It promotes socially, environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goals “Shelter for all”. - It emphasizes on urban agenda for the poor.
9.	United Nation’s Volunteer Programme (UNVP)	-It helps societies to be more civilized, educated and modern through mobilizing volunteers. -It is active in about 130 countries whole year. -It strengthens trust, solidarity and reciprocity among the citizens.
10.	UN Women	- It is a recently 2012 established UN agency in Nepal. -It works for women empowerment. -It goes against women violence and develops leadership capacity and economic sustainability among females.
11.	World Health Organization (WHO)	-It works for public health in Nepal. -It provides vaccinations and makes aware people to eradicate various diseases and epidemics. - It stands for all environmental and health related issues.
12.	World Food Programme (WFP)	-It is working in 32 districts of Nepal and its regional offices are in Damak, Nepalgunj, and Dadeldhura. -It supports the food security and food supply in our country. - It functions in the areas like supply of food in emergency and against starvation, effective food and nutrition policy, development and construction work.

Questions for Practice

Very short questions:

1. Enlist two specialized UN agencies working in Nepal.

2. Write any one activities of International Monetary Fund in Nepal.

3. When was UN Women started working in Nepal?

4. What does UNAIDS work for?

5. Write the full form of IFAD.

Short questions:

1. What is the goal of the United Human Settlement Programme? How does it manage human settlement?

2. Discuss the role of followings to Nepal: a)UNCDF               b) WEP

3. Prepare a news report including the UN activity in Nepal.

4. Write any eight programme that are launched by the United Nations.

5. Imagine, you desire to work on international conflict management( except army) in future. Write an application to the UN office in Kathmandu highlighting your efficiency and its significance.

9.5 Contemporary Events and their Impacts

Contemporary Events/ Current Affairs:   

The ongoing events in our community, nation or the world at present are known as contemporary events/ current affairs. They can be political, environmental and social events. For instance-

a) The trade war between China and America                 

b) Denuclearization of North Korea

c) Border dispute between china/India/Nepal/Pakistan 

d) Cold war between China and Hong Kong

1. Disarmaments: 

-It is also known as demilitarization which means the process of reducing armed forces and weapons through cooperation, treaties and oversight.

- The excessive production and unnecessary use of arms and ammunition is a threat to human right and global harmony.

-If the world is able to do disarmament, the expenditure withdrawn for military and defense budged will be automatically transferred to financial development programmes which will support in progress, peaceful and secure world for all its inhabitants.

2. Terrorism:

- Intentional violent acts to frighten and panic people is known as terrorism. It is derived from the word ‘Terror’ which means ‘Extreme Fear’.

- The persons who make atmosphere of extreme fear among masses are called terrorists. Terrorist groups create  panic and kill civilians through various means.

- For instance- 

a) The twin tower attack in the US         

b) Paris attack in 2015

c) Afghan explosion in 2016                  

Ways to reduce terrorism:

-Awareness programmes.                                                                

- Proper education              

- Citizens aware of unwanted press release and articles.                     

- Parental care to their children

-Inform related authorities about doubtful incidences              

- Eradicate social/racial discrimination.

3. Mine/ Underground Explosive:

-Explosive items hidden or kept underground or below sea water which are disastrous and take lives of many innocent people and animals and even handicapped, too are mines or underground explosives.

4. Population Growth/Overpopulation:

-Overpopulation is the existence of more people than the available resources can support or the rapid growth in the number of population of the world or nation.

-Negative effects: Insecurity, crime, unemployment, underdevelopment, pollutions etc.

- It is also known as proliferation (rapid multiplication reproduction).

5. Nuclear Power/ Nuclear Energy:

Nuclear energy is the energy released either through nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. The production and use of nuclear energy has been a complex problem in the present world. The ample (sufficient) example is the atom bomb dropped in Japan in 1945 as the evidence of how destructive nuclear energy can be. The General Assembly of the UNO has established commission for Nuclear Energy which aims to promote and accelerate nuclear energy for peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. They create competition among the nations which results in international wars and conflicts. Everyone should be aware of the fact the nuclear power is advantageous to us if it is rightly used.

5. Infectious Disease: 

A number of endemic (regularly found among particular people) diseases have been appearing one after another in different parts of the globe. They have terrorized us taking the lives of thousands of people. AIDS, plague, swine flu, bird flu, sickle cell anemia, mers virus, sars virus, ebola, zika virus and finally covin 19 are some of them.

6. Climate Change: 

Climate change is the rise of temperature in the average surface temperature on the earth which lead green house effect resulting Global Warming. Its major effects are: melting of the polar ice caps, drought, heavy rainfall, extinct of rare animals, risk of human health etc.

7. Sustainable Development:  

Sustainable development is the durable or long lasting development. It mainly aims at using the natural resources based on bearing capacity of the earth. With no sustainable development, the future generation may have to go under several sufferings. The meeting of the head of the government and nation in the UN General Assembly in 2015 have accepted 3 components as basic foundation to sustainable development. 

They are: -Democracy, Good Governance and Rule of Law.

Questions for Practice

Very short questions:

1. What is meant by contemporary events?

2. Define disarmament.

3. What do you mean by terrorism?

4. Define underground explosion in one sentence.

5. Write about nuclear power in one sentence.

6. Write two major social and political events taking place in Nepal at present.

Short questions:

1. What is terrorism? How can it be controlled? Offer any three suggestions.

2. There is direct relationship between climate change and human activities. Illustrate with examples.

3. Make a list of any four contemporary events going on in the world and discuss any one of them briefly.

4. Make a list of any four dangerous communicable diseases spreading all over the world and describe any one of them in short.

9.6 Globalization and Localization

Globalization: 

Globalization refers to the widening, deepening and speeding up of global inter connection for socio-economic culture all over the world. It is a dynamic process which encompasses all aspects of our existence. It is a term came into popular usage in 1980s to describe the increased movement of people, their knowledge and ideas and goods and money across national borders. In other words, it is a process of expanding trade and commerce all over the world by creating borderless markets. Thus, it is a world without border. Countries of the world like families in a village.

 Dimensions of Globalization: 

Manfred Steger, a professor of Global Studies categorized dimensions of globalization into four groups adding the fifth type i.e. ideological.
1. Economic Globalization: It is the deregulation of commodity, capital, and labour market in the world.
2. Cultural Globalization: It refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, ethics and values around the world. For example, many Nepalese enjoy festivals and other activities of the European and American culture.
3. Political Globalization: It refers to the influence of the most powerful countries like the USA, China and Russia in different weaker or poorer countries through political ideology/power.
4. Ecological Globalization: It refers to the internationally coordinated practices, regulations or treaties related to environment or nature protection.
5. Ideological Globalization: It refers to spreading of different norms, claims, beliefs and narratives like Christianism in the least developed countries.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization (Merits and Demerits) Advantages (Merits) Disadvantages( Demerits) 1. It extends international relationship and cooperation. It broadens our minds. 1. It extends the gap between the rich and poor. 2. It enhances publicity and exchange of cultures, way of life and politics. 2. It endangers indigenous culture by spreading foreign culture. 3.  It promotes trade and commodities. 3. Environment suffers due to large industries and poisonous gases. 4. It accesses quality of goods in cheap price. 4. Local business, hand-loom industry, cottage and small scale industry suffer a lot due to it. 5. Standard of life in underdeveloped and developing countries improve through quality of goods and services. 5. Infectious, epidemics or endemic diseases may spread. 6. It increases foreign aid to the poor countries. 6. Domination or hegemony (control) to the poor countries increase. 7. Students can study anywhere  in the world. 7. Poor countries’ national economy becomes too weak and dependent.

Localization:  Localization is the process of emphasizing development by the power of decentralization, utilization of local resources and addressing local culture and economy. It aims to limit services, production and market to a local level for its rapid progress. It prioritizes the production and utilization of goods and services of the specific locality. It also aims at promoting local issues like language, culture, tradition, services, norms and values as well as available natural resources. Advantages and Disadvantages of Localization (Merits/Strength and Demerits/ Weaknesses) Advantages (Merits) Disadvantages( Demerits) 1. It promotes local products, cultures and services. 1. It increases environmental pollutions. 2. It creates self-sustained economy and standard of living. 2. Strike and industrial unrest affect peace and tranquility of the place. 3. It enhances people-centred development concept. 3. It increases dependence on other places for resources and productions. 4. It promotes nationalism. 4. It deprives global economy and culture. 5. Many small scale industries grow. 5. It promotes rigidity towards own culture and way of life. 6. It activates downtrodden and poor community for its progress. 6. It restricts the use of internationally reputed goods and services. 7. It promotes in preserving local culture, tradition and social values and norms. 7. It is a narrow minded concept for this modern world. Difference between Globalization and Localization                                Globalization Localization 1. Globalization promotes the free movement of goods and services between communities and countries. 1. Localization emphasizes on promoting local businesses and being more self-dependence. 2. It is all about spreading without any boundaries. 2. It adopts something as local and promoting local products with in local boundaries. 3. It deals with expansion of trade in goods and services. 3. It favours domestic products and services and supports small scale industries. 4. It provides access to large market by which consumers get a variety of products to choose from. 4. It refers to the process by which a product or service is customized to suit the local needs. Questions for Practice Very short questions: 1. What is globalization? Define 2. Write any two advantages of localization. 3. Write any one negative effect of globalization. 4. What do you mean by localization? Short questions: 1. Define globalization. Explain its any four advantages. 2. How are globalization and localization different to each other? State in points. 3. What are the flaws of localization? Discuss any two in brief. 4. The concept of federalism rests on localization. Impact any four points to justify the claim.

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