Social Studies: Class-10 Unit-1 We, Our Community and Our Nation (All)

Class-10 (Social Studies) 
Unit-1(All)  We, Our Community and Our Nation  

           1. Human Resource Development

           2. Human Development Index and Nepal

           3. Concept of Regional Development and Federalism

           4. States/ Federal Provinces of Nepal                     

1.1  Human Resource Development

Human Resource:

•     Human resource refers to the power, skill or knowledge required for carrying out any work.
•     It is also known as workforce or mind power.
•     It is the most significant one than other resources because it can mobilize all other sorts of resources.
•      Thus, all types of human powers including general manual workers to highly educated, skilled and technical human beigns who use either intellectual or mechanical power to work are required to get anything done are known as human resources.
•      All the populations of a country is not considered as the human resources rather only active population who contribute to the development process are considered as human resources.

Types of Human Resources on the basis of skill:

• Unskilled Human Resources: Workforces with little skill like-labourers, workers, porters etc.
• Semi-skilled Human Resources: Workforces having not perfect expertise, skill & efficiency but  can carry out basic work of that field like-drivers, plumbers, electricians etc.
• Skilled Human Resources: Workforces having full expertise, skill and efficiency for their works  independently like- engineers, doctors, teachers etc.

-Highly Skilled Human Resources- some experts.

Difference between Human Resource Development & Human Resource Management

HRD

1. HRD covers specific activities of development part i.e. training, learning, and career development.
2. It is an ongoing process.
3. It is a part of Human Resource Management.
4. It is related to the preference of people only.
5. It covers narrow areas.
6. Its purpose is to empower and strengthen the ability of the workers.

HRM

1. HRM covers comprehensive activities of management i.e. planning, managing and evaluating.
2. It is a routine process.
3. It is a function of HRM.
4. It is related to development of entire organization.
5. It is broad and covers wider area.
6. Its purpose is to show output of organization.

 Importance/ Need of Human Resource Development

• It helps an organization to reduce or increase manpower as per the cost of labour or entire production.

•  It helps to find out real demand of human resource.

•  It supports for human resource management.

•  It makes an easy and proper utilization of other resources.

•  It increase the total productivity of an organization.

Problems/ Challenges of Human Resource Development in Nepal:

•       Lack of budget.                                                

•       Lack of sustainable plan for HRD.

•       Lack of technical education.

•       Expensive dependence on foreign assistance.

•       Lack of good governance.                                            

•       Social discrimination.   

•       Lack of dignity of labour.                                             

•       Political instability and lack of effective planning.

Provisions & Procedures of HRD/ Activities to be done for Human Resource Development:

•       Focus on producing technically qualified and competitive human resource in the nation and international market.

•        There must be balance between demand and production of human capital.

•       Vocation and technical education should be given priority.

•       Integrated programmes of theoretical and practical education should be launched.

•       Effective short term and long term policies and plans should be launched.

•       Plans should be formed and executed.

Questions for Practice:

Very short questions:

1. What is meant by human resource?
2. Write the types of human resources based on service tenure.
3. Mention three types of human resources on the basis of skill.
4. What is meant by human resource development?
5. What kinds of human resources does Nepal need in order to reach the level of developed countries of the world? Write in a sentence.
6.  Compare between short termed human resource and long termed human resource in a sentence.

Short questions:

1. ‘Human resource development is the foundation for the nation development.’ Justify.
2. What are the main differences between human resources development and human resource management?
3. Write any three challenges seen in human resource development in Nepal and mention how can they be solved?
4. Describe the types of human resources based on skill.
5. What kind of human resource development plan must be made to take on country in line with developed ones? Write your plans in four points.           

 Good Luck

 

1.2 Human Development Index and Nepal

Human Development Index (HDI)

HDI is a composite indicator for showing overall development of a nation. It is a tool that measures a country’s overall achievements in its social and economic dimensions. It examines three main criteria/factors of economic development:
●Per Capita Income (PCI)
●Literacy rate (MSY and ESY, i.e. Mean Schooling Year and Expected Schooling Year)
●Life Expectancy

Formula of HDI

Importance of measuring HDI/ 
Purposes of measuring HDI of a nation

•  It helps to know about what progress a particular country is making in a particular year.
•  It provides the way to look at whether our country is proceeding in right direction in its development process so that we can correct them in right time.
•  It is a general human development index of a country that can help us to work on the default areas like corruptions in the government offices, necessary requirements of the people in the country.
•  It compares the human development of different countries of the world.
• It supports to make plans accordingly in the forth coming days.

Need of HDI Calculation

•  To identify the situation of Human Development in the country.
•  To specify the areas of Human Development for the country.
•  To improve the situation of Human Development in the country.
•  To Schedule the strategies that the country has to adopt for the improvement of Human Development.

Nepal and its HDI in Relation to Some Other Countries:

Nepal’s HDI is quite low. Its PCI is just 2.472US$ in PPP and average life expectancy is 70.6 years as per World Development Report 2018. Its MSY is 4.9 and ESY is 12.2. It ranked 149^th out of 189 nations with a score for 0.574 in 2018.

Questions for Practice

Very short questions:

1. Write one objective of calculating human development index.
2. What is Human Development Index?
3. What kind of country is Nepal on the basis of HDI?
4. What are the percentage of poverty and literacy in Nepal? Present your plan to eradicate these problems.
5. Why should Human Development Index be high?
6. Nepal’s HDI is quite low. How can it be upgraded?
7. Why can’t PCI alone denote the actual development of a country? Write a reason.
8. Why is Human Development Index necessary? Write your opinion in a sentence.
9. What are the bases for HDI calculation?

Short questions:

1. Write the purposes of measuring HDI of a nation?
2. Nepal’s HDI is quite low. How can it be upgraded? Suggest any four measures.
3. Explore and state any four reasons why HDI of countries such as Norway and Australia is so high.
4. Why should we calculate HDI? Explain any four reasons.
 

 

 

3.  Concept of Regional Development and Federalism

Development Region:

§   A development region is an administrative/ political division made by the state in order to develop all the parts of the country equally and to run administration smoothly.

§     Nepal was divided into four development region in 2029 B.S. Later in the year 2037 B.S., one more development region, Far Western Development Region was added including Seti and Mahakali.

 Reasons for Dividing Nepal into Development Regions/
Importance of Development Region:

→To carry out administration rapidly.
→To make parallel development of the country.
→To strengthen national integrity by removing the existing imbalance between Terai, Hilly, and
     Mountain regions.
→To provide employment for the local people.
→To utilize local resources.
→To foster democratic principle of decentralization.
→To decrease the rate of migration.

 Federal System of Government/ Federalism:

Federalism is a system of government having two or more than two governments where the government takes place as per people’s will.  In federal system of government, a group of states or provinces are controlled by central government. It is also known as duel governing system.

● The first meeting of constituent of Assembly endorsed Nepal as a federal Republic on 15^th Jestha, 2065 B.S.

     Difference between Central Government and State Government

(Federal Government and Provincial Government):

Central Government	State Government
1. Responsible for national security system.	1. Responsible for internal law &order & security system.
2. Formulates policies and programmes for the development and launches them at central level.	2. Makes necessary plans, policies and programmes for the development works inside the state.
3. Makes national monitoring policies at central level.	3. Makes expenditures with in the territory.
4. Conducts foreign affairs.	4. Preserves local language, art and culture.
5. Runs big hydro powers & builds national highways.	5. Runs small and medium hydro- power projects.

     Importance/ Need of Federal system in context of Nepal:

→ It increases the competition between the states which promotes development.
→It helps in the proper utilization means and resources of the states.
→The state becomes self-reliant.
→Power and authority is decentralized which helps in fostering the state development activities.
→It addresses unity in diversity.

 Good and Bad Aspects(Advantages & Disadvantages) of Federal System

Good Aspects of Federal System	(Challenges) Bad Aspects of Federal System
1. Good relation between state and its people.	1. Expensive form of government.
2. Conflicts get settled at the local levels.	2. Conflict may arise among states during utilization of means &natural resources.
3. Maximum/ optimum use of available means and resources.	3. Different ethnic groups may wish for separate states.
4. No need to depend upon centre for everything.	4. Not suitable for the small country like Nepal.
5. Accelerates development activities.	5. There is possibility of fragmentation.
6. Competition between federal states boost up the development.	6. Misunderstanding  may take place between  federal and provincial government regarding power distribution.

 Bases of Dividing and Naming Federal Units:

v Geography
v Language 
v Population 
v Mixed (among these)  
v Ethnicity or Caste 
v Historicity 
v Availability of means and resources 

Questions for Practice:

Very short Questions:

1. Prepare two questions to ask a politician about implementation of federalism in Nepal.
2. Mention any two positive impacts that have resulted in your community due to concept of regional development.
3. It is said that “Federalism should be typical and favorable to the context of country, why?”
4. How does federal ruling system help the development of the country? Write in a sentence.
5. Differentiate between the principle of federalism and decentralization in one sentence.
6. Why Nepal has to be made a federal state? Write in one sentence.

 Short Questions:

1. Present your view in four points on “Federalism is the foundation of the development of a country.”
2. What types of benefits can be seen in the present implemented condition of federalism in Nepal?
3. Describe the bases of state reconstruction for Federal Nepal?
4. Introduce the Federal system and write three strengths of it.
5. Why is the concept of regional development not successful as per the expectations? Clarify in four points.
6. Federalism is more democratic and inclusive than unitary system of government. Justify the statement in four points.
7. Differentiate between federal government and provincial government in four points.
8. Prepare an editorial about need and importance of federalism.
9.  What is the structure of state according to the Constitution of Nepal 2072? Write only four provisions.

→The present constitution of Nepal has introduced a three tier structure of federal government. The part 5 and the Article 56 of the present constitution has the following provisions of the structure of the state:

• The federal democratic republic of Nepal has three level of structure: federal, provincial and local.
• The state powers of Nepal shall be used by the federal, provincial and local level in accordance with the constitution of Nepal.
• There shall be provinces with districts.
• Under the local level, there shall be Village Council, Municipal Council and District Assembly. 

 

1.4 States/Federal Provinces of Nepal

Reasons behind less number of Industries in Karnali Province (Province-7)

i). Lack of development of infrastructures.
ii). Lack of people to invest, work and consume the goods of industries.
iii). Difficult geographical structure.
iv). Lack of proper plans and policies to catch the attention of investors.
         

            Write any four features of Your Province (Province-5)

        - I live in Province -5 which contains following four significant features:

1.  My province is famous for the birth place of Lord Gautam Buddha which has religious significance, too.
2. The largest valley, Dang of the country lies in my province. 
3. Swargadwari Temple and Bageswori Temple are two famous hindu temples reside in my province.
4. Banke and Bardiya  National Parks are located in my province which catch the attention of tourists.

Four Problems and their Solutions of Province-1

i). Expensive hydroelectricity: Establish small hydropower projects from the river that flow throughout the year.
ii). Landslides and Floods: Launch afforestation programmes in barren land and awareness programmes about the significance of forest for human life.
iii). Open Border: Establish check post at the border by mobilizing security forces to stop criminal acitivities.
iv). Unemployment: Create employment opportunities for the people through utilization of local means and resources and vocational trainings.
 

# ‘Gandaki’, ‘Karnali’, and ‘Far-western’ are already named three provinces of Nepal. Other four provinces are left for naming. What should be the name for those provinces and why? Prepare a table to present your views.

Province	Name	Cause for naming
1	Sagarmatha	Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha), the highest peak of the world lies in this region.
2	Janaki	Janaki Temple, the biggest Hindu temple of the country lies in this region.
3	Bangmati	Bagmati, the holiest river of the country which reminds us Pashupatinath.
4	Gandaki	Already named.
5	Lumbini	Lumbini, the birth place of Lord Gautam Buddha lies in this region.
6	Karnali	Already named.
7	Far-western	Already named. ( Sudur Paschim Province)

Questions for Practice

Very short questions:

1. Which is the largest and the smallest provinces of Nepal?
2. In which provinces Sagarmatha and Lumbini lie?
3. Among the provinces of Nepal, which has the largest population?
4. Mention any two socio- cultural features of Provinces-5.
5. Write any two physical features of Province-1.
6. Write any two physical features of Province-2.

 Short questions:

1. Write any two similarities and differences between Province No. 1 and Province No. 5.
Similarities:  -Both occupy the hilly and terai regions. - Both regions have religious significance i.e. Pathivara Temple of Province No. 1 and Bageswori Temple  of Province No. 5
Differences: Province 1 borders China but Province 5 doesn’t . – Province 1 occupies large area in the hilly region while Province 5 occupies a large area in the Terai.
2. There is high possibility of hydroelectricity development in Province No. 6, how? Write with example.
3. In which province do you stay? What are its opportunities and challenges? Show in a table.
4. Why is province No. 3 the most developed? Find out the reasons and write.
5. Give an introduction to the region where you reside on the basis of following points:
a) Geographical Condition b) Tourist area          c) Economic activities         d) Major ethnic groups
6. Federalism is the foundation of the development of the country. Write your logic in four points.

Long Questions:
1. Draw an outline map of Nepal and show all federal provinces therein and shade them with different colours.
    

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