Class-10 (Social Studies) Unit-7 Our Past (all)

 Class-10 (Social Studies) Unit-7 Our Past (all)
7.1 Revolution of 2007 BS and Delhi Agreement
7.2 A Decade of Democratic Politics in Nepal (2007-2017 BS)
7.3 Ban on Political Parties &Direct Rule/Abduction of  Democracy & Prohibition on Political Party
7.4 Political Events from 2017 BS to 2036 BS
7.5 Causes of the Rise and Downfall of Panchayat System
7.6 Political Events Between 2046to 2063 BS
7.7  Political Events After 2062 BS
7.8. Economic and Social Impacts/Effects After the Mass Movement-II
7.9  Causes of the First World War
7.10 Consequences of the First World War
7.11 Causes of the Second world war (1939-1945)
7.12 Consequences of the Second World War
7.13  Research, Identification, Preservation and Promotion of  Historical Sites and Monuments

Unit: 7 OUR PAST

7.1 Revolution of 2007 BS and Delhi Agreement

Rana Regime: 9 Rana Rulers, Period: from1903-2007 BS (104 years)

Rana rule is also known as autocratic family rule in the sense they consumed national property like a private property and favoured nepotism and favouritism and governed it as a family rule.

Mass Revolution was a movement launched in 2007 BS against the Ranarchy or Rana system by Nepali Congress jointly supported by the then political parties, king Tribhuwan and the common citizens.

Causes of the Mass Revolution:

There were several causes behind the collapse of the Rana rule. They are followings:

1. Social Cause: Extreme social discrimination on common people, behaved like bonded labourers,  beautiful daughters and wives were their target etc resulted anti-rana feelings.

2. Political Cause: failure of Ranas to ensure good governance, martyrdom of four political activists in 1997BS, rigid policy of Mohan Shamsher, formation of Liberation army by Nepali Congress, the dramatic escape of the then king Tribhuwan from the palace to take asylum in Delhi , Gorkha League formed in Dehradun etc. gave flame to revolution.

3. Economic Cause: Rampant mass poverty and unemployment, wide economic gap between the rulers and the public, misuse of the national treasury by the Ranas etc led the movement.

4. Intenational Cause: Wave of the Second World War, indeppendance of India from the British Rule in 1947 AD etc.

5. Familial Cause: Division (A,B & C class) among the Ranas made by Chandra Shamsher and excluded ‘C’ class Ranas from the role of rule.

Delhi Agreement

When Moan Shamsher failed to control the havoc, Delhi Agreement was signed from the three sides i.e. Nepali Congress, King Tribhuwan and the Ranas by the help of the Indian Government (J.L. Nehru) which is also known as the tripartite agreement on 1^st Falgun, 2007 BS ( 12^th Feb, 1951 AD) which ended the Rana Regime and established democracy for the first time in the nation.

Major Provisions of the Delhi Agreement:

-    An elected Constituent Assembly shall draft the democratic constitution within two years.

-    A 10 member interim cabinet shall be formed, each 5 from the Ranas and Nepali Congress.

-    Tribhuwan shall remain the legitimate king of Nepal by restoring all  Royal power.

-  All political prisoners shall be given amnesty and set free except those charged with criminal offences.

-    The agitators shall handover all the arms an stop the movement.

-   There shall be no restriction to open parties.

Members in the Interim Government formed after the Delhi Agreement

• Members from Ranas	Members from Nepali Congress
  1. Mohan Shamsher ( Priminister)	1.B.P. Koirala (Home Minister)
  2. Babar Shamsher (Defence Minister)	2. Suvarna Shamsher (Finance Minister)
  3. Chudaraj Shamsher ( Forest Minister)	3. Ganesh Man Singh (Industry & Commerce)
  4. Nripajung Shamsher (Education Minister)	4. Bhadrakali Mishra (Transport Minister)
  5. Yagya Bahadur Basnet ( Health Minister)	5. Bharatmani Sharma (Food & Agriculture)

 

 Dr. K.I. Singh: 

Dr. K.I. Singh was a famous freedom fighter. He was the commander of western front during the fight against Rana.

Why was Delhi Agreement opposed?

Who opposed Delhi Agreement and Why?

Delhi Agreement was opposed by Dr. K.I. Singh  and his supporters in the sense it couldn’t include all the factions.  His dissatisfaction was that even in democracy, Mohan Shamsher, a Rana, was made Priminister. His demand was that Ranas should be removed from all the high post of the army and civil services. Similarly, he had wished to sign the agreement not in foreign land but in Nepal. However his protest was suppressed and he was charged with the case of treason.

Consequences of the Revolution off 2007/ Changes that took after

- It established democracy and people’s rule by ending family rule or Hukmi Shasan.
-It granted right and freedom to people and increased their participation.
-Interim Government was formed and the first written constitution was promulgated on 17^th Chaitra, 2007 BS.
- Nepal established diplomatic relationship with other countries and obtained the membership of UNO.
- People understood the value of democracy.

Questions for Practice

Very short questions:

1. Who were the signatories of the tripartite agreement?

2. When was Delhi agreement signed?

Short questions:

1. Who was Dr. K.I. Singh? Why did he oppose Delhi Agreement?

Long Questions:

1. Describe the causes of the revolution of 2007 and mention its consequences in brief.

7.2 A Decade of Democratic Politics in Nepal (2007-2017 BS)

●Decade of Party/ Democratic Politics:  End of the Rana rule and establishment of democracy on 7^th falgun, 2007 BS gave way to Party politics in Nepal under the leadership of Nepali Congress and Nepal Communist Party which is known as the decade of party or democratic politics.

1.  End of Interim Government:
The government of Mohan Shamsher and Nepali Congress promulgated the Interim Constitution Act on 17^th Chaitra, 2007 as the first written constitution in the Nepalese history. (7 Parts, 73 Articles and 3 Schedules)
Coalition of Interim government of the Ranas and Nepali Congress when the Congress ministers resigned from the cabinet on 25^th Kartic, 2008 as BP Koirala thought that complete democracy would not be possible until the Ranas remain in power. Consequently, Mohan Shamsher compelled to resign and the whole cabinet dissolved.

2. Single Party Government of Nepali Congress:
King Tribhuwan formed a 14-member single party government of Nepali Congress on 1^st Mansir, 2008 BS under the leadership of the then president of Nepali Congress Matrika Prasad Koirala.
Major responsibilities of the government:
-          To establish an independent judiciary.
-          To ensure the fundamental right.
-          To implement Public Service Commission effectively.
-          To conduct the election of Constituent Assembly  within 2009 BS.
But the government was failed due to:
1. Formation off the United Front and its opposition.
2. Revolution of Dr. K.I. Singh( Delhi Agreement) and Bhimdatta Panta ( land ownership of farmers)
3. The internal conflict of Nepali Congress Party itself.

3. Advisory  Government of Tribhuwan:
King Tribhuwan formed a 5 member government under his own chairmanship on 30^th Shrawan, 2009 it also got dissolved due to severe criticism from the political parties, foreigners and Indian government within a year on Ashadh 2010.

 

4. Second Single Party Government of Matrika Prasad Koirala ( Nepal Praja Party)
King Tribhuwan again invited Matrika Prasad Koirala and formed a new government consisting 5 ministers on 2^nd Ashad, 2010 but it became weak due to the cases like Indian Army entering Nepal with weapons, murder of Bhimdatta Panta on 7^th Bhadra, 2010, protest of Koshi Agreement, King Tribhuwan went Switzerland for treatement handing over power to Mahendra etc and it finally dissolved.

5. Direct Rule of King Mahendra:
King Mahendra ascended the throne on 4^th Chaitra and formed a 5-member advisory government in coordination of Gunjayman Singh and started direct rule. Nepal got UNO membership in 1955 AD.

6. Government of Nepal Praja Parishad (Tanka Pradad Acharya-President)
On 13^th Magh 2012, a cabinet of 7 members under leadership of Tanka Prasad Acharya was formed but it dissolved within 6 months due to 3 reasons: dispute on election, extreme economic crisis, and his attempt to ban on newspapers.
-First Five Year Periodic Plan started and Supreme Court and Nepal Rastra Bank were established during the time. Transportation, communication and work were given more priority in the first five year plan.

7. Dr. K.I. Singh Government:
A new cabinet of 11 members under the premiership of Dr. Kunwar Indrajeet Singh was formed on 11^th Shrawan, 2014 by calling him from his exiled life in Tibet, China but it was also dissolved soon after its 3 months.

8. Direct Rule of King Mahendra:
King Mahendra started his direct rule from 29^th Kartik, 2014 BS and formed a 5 member committee who formulated the constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal-2015 which was promulgated on 1^st Falgun, 2015 BS.

9. The Interim Government of Subarna Shamsher:
 King Mahendra formed a six-member interim government under the premiership of Suberna Shamsher on 2^nd Jestha, 2015 BS to hold the national election. A general election was held from 7^th Falgun 2015 BS for 109 constituencies among which Nepali Congress Party won with absolute majority( 74 seats out of 109).

10. The First Elected Government of B.P. Koirala:
Nepali Congress formed 19-member Single Party Government under the leadership of B.P. Koirala, the first elected PM of Nepal on 13^th Jestha, 2016 BS.  Krishna Prasad Bhattarai was elected as the Speaker of the parliament. The government lasted till 1^st Poush, 2017 BS.
Social, Economic and Political achievements made between 2007-2017 are:
-7^th Falgun, 2007 the democracy was established.
-Declaration of constitution 2015 BS.
-Election for member of parliament 2015 BS.
-Scandal of 2015 BS(B.P. Koirala was dismissed as per article 55 of constitution of 2015 BS)
-Initiation of Five Year Plan.
- Friendly relation with different countries.
-King Mahendra’s direct rule through Panchayat system.
- First women college was established at Dillibazar, Kathmandu.
- Nepal Rastra Bank and Agricultural Development were established.
-Nationalization of all forest of Nepal.
-Implement of Civil Service Act.
-Establishment of Tribhuvan University.
-Establishment of Independent Jurisdiction.

 

Mass Election(General Election) and Constituent Assembly Election

Mass election/General election is an election process in which all the eligible voters can participate to select the most suitable candidate for House of Representatives.

Mass Election	Assembly Election
1. It is a national election process which elect s members of parliament.	1. It is the assembly of people’s representatives elected through FPTP and Proportional system for drafting new constitution.
2. It shall be conducted in 5 years difference in every democratic country.	2. It is conducted after a long time period or in case of need only.
3. It elects regular parliament members who formulate the laws as per the requirement of administering the nation.	3. It is also known as Parliament as its main purpose is to formulate new constitution.

Questions for Practice

Very short questions:
1. When was five year plan introduced first in Nepal?
2. What sectors were given more priority in the first five year plan?
3. How do you evaluate the tenure of Prime Minister Tank a Prasad Acharya? Write in a sentence.
4. When was the king’s direct rule imposed between 2007-2017 BS? Write any two periods.

 

 

7.3 
Ban on Political Parties &Direct Rule/
Abduction of  Democracy & Prohibition on Political Party

King Mahendra:

Ø King Mahendra was jealous with the popularity of BP Koirala and democracy under democratic systerm.

Ø On the other hand, democratic rule led by BP koirala was not satisfactory as people didn’t get better physical facility.

Ø King Mahendra was ambitious, too. Therefore, he dismissed the government with false allegations (claims) through a Royal proclamation on 1^st Poush, 2017 BS.

Ø He imprisoned BP Koirala, other ministers nd political leaders using the Article 55 of the constitution    of the Nepal- 2015.

Ø He also suspended the constitution and banned on political parties and political activities.

Ø Therefore, the day 1^st Poush  is known as ‘the Black Day in Nepalese History’.

Ø On 22^nd Poush,  he formally  declared the beginning of the party less system in his direct ruling.

Reasons/ Charges to Ban Political Party by King Mahendra

Ø Political party misused the authority.

Ø Corruption also increased under the rule of political parties.

Ø National unity had been threatened.

Ø Political leaders didn’t work for the people.

Ø They haphazardly made economic decision which didn’t benefit the country.

Ø There was anarchy in the nation.

Ø Political parties did not meet the aspirations of the people.

Birta Abolition

•      The ownership of land given by the government to some special persons is known as Birta. This system is not fair for land user. This system has to come to the end.

•    Improper distribution of land brought to the end is known as Birta abolishment. Birta Abolition Act was enforced in Poush, 2016 and which forwarded a land reform programme.

Social Achievements between 2007-2017 BS

Ø Radio Nepal was established on 20 chaitra,, 2008 BS.

Ø Paropkar Sanstha was established for social work in 2009 BS.

Ø The Hetauda-Kathmandu ropeway was expanded.

Ø Koshi (12 Baisakh, 2012) and Gandak (19 Mansir, 2016) treaties were signed.

Ø  Nepal obtained the UN membership on 2012 BS and the Universal Postal Union on 2013 BS.

Ø Tribhuwan University was established in 2016 BS.

Ø Telecommunication service also began.

Ø Airlines service began and international flights took place.

Ø The Civil Service Act, 2013 was implemented,  and the Supreme Court was established.

Economic Achievements between 2007-2017 BS

Ø Budget system was established  from 2008 BS.

Ø Nepal Rastra Bank was established on 14^th Baisakh, 2013.

Ø Five Years Economic Plan started  from 22^nd Ashwin, 2013.

Ø Land Reform programme was introduced.

Ø Birta Abolition Act- 2016 BS was implemented.

Ø Trade expansion took place as the trade relation was flourished with the USA, the UK, China, Japan etc.

Ø Provision of Tenant’s Right (Mohiyani Hak) was made through a declaration related to  land made on 17^th Bhadra, 2013 BS.

 

7.4 Political Events from 2017 BS to 2036 BS

Part- I

1. Royal Coup and Declaration of Panchayat System

Ø After the Royal Coup, Mahendra declared the Panchayat system forming the Panchayat Council.

Ø He divided Nepal into 14 zones and 75 districts on 1^st Baisakh, 2018 BS.

2. Janakpur Kanda:

Ø After worshipping in Janaki Temple, king Mahendra was heading to Rangbhumi for attending a pro-Panchayat meeting.

Ø Meanwhile, Durganand Jha hurled a bomb at the vehicle of the king  on 9 magh, 2018 but the king survived.

Ø For the accusation, Durganand Jha along with two other protestors were arrested and he was executed on 25^th Magh, 2020 and two others were life imprisoned.

3. Promulgation of New Constitution:

Ø Since Mahendra wanted to legalize the Panchayat system, he introduced the Constitution of the Kingdom  of Nepal, 2019 on Poush 1, 2019.

4. Jhapa Revolt and Sukhani  Assassination:
Ø The CPN ML started a revolt against the Panchayat activities in 2028 BS from Jhapa known as Jhapa Revolt.
Ø Ram Nath Dahal, Netra Pd. Ghimire, Narayan Shrestha, Krishna Kuikel and Biren Rajbansi were arrested in the accusation of revolt and murder of Dharma Pd. Upadhyay, the then member of the National Panchayat and shot dead in Sukhani forest of Ilam on 21 Falgun, 2029 BS.

5. King Mahendra Passed away and Birendra Ascended the throne:

Ø King Mahendra was in the Chitwan trip for hunting and he passed away due to heart attack at Diyalo Bungalow on 17^th Magh, 2028 and after then Birendra ascended the throne.

 6.Plane Hijack and Singh Durbar Blaze:

Ø On 25^th Jestha, 2030,  a plane flying from Biratnagar to Kathmandu was hijacked and was landed in Farbesgunj of Bihar, India. The plane was freed after controlling 30 lakhs  IC.

Ø Girija Pd. Koirala and  Nepali Congres was supposed to be the master-mind behind the hijacking for managing the fund to fight against the Panchayat system.

Ø In the same year on 25^th Asadh, Singha Durbar was engulfed by the fire destroying most of the documents and testimonials.

Ø Due to this, the then PM Kritinidhi Bista was forced to resign from the post.

7.Timburbote Assassination:

Ø Nepali Congress  set up a camp at a cave of Timburbote (Solukhumbu) in 2031BS to protest against Panchayat system by giving training to youths and they planned to attack army barrack located in Okhaldhunga to capture whole Okhaldhunga but the secrecy was revealed and Panchayat government attacked the camp in advance and assassinated Ram, Laxman and other youths in cruel way and Captain Yagya Bdr. Thapa and Bhim Narayan Shrestha were arrested and killed in 2033 BS for their involvement.

8. National Reconciliation Policy of BP Koirala:

Ø On 16^th Poush. 2033 BP Koirala along with Ganeshman Singh returned with a Rastriya Melmilap (National Reconciliation Policy) to create understanding between the king and the democratic forces for the restoration of democracy but this policy was highly criticized as a surrender before the king and an insult of pure democracy.

9.Deumai Kanda/ Assassination of Ratna Kumar Bantawa:

Ø Pachayat Government adopted different strategies to legalize the Panchayat.

Ø In such course of time, Ratna Kumar Bantawa, the leader of Nepal Communist Party was shot on the bank of Deumai River of Ilam  on 27^th Chaitra, 2035 and Rishi Raj Devkota (Aajad) and Jay Gobinda Shah, too were assassinated.

Ø Many other activists were also gunned  down by the government.

10. Announcement of Referendum:

Ø The Military dictator, Ziyaul Haque and his army in Pakistan hung Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the then democratic PM. The TU students organized a huge march on 22^nd Chaitra, 2035 and proceeded towards the Pakistani Embassy in Kathmandu for handing over a ‘letter of Condemn’ against this act but the police lathi charged them to disperse (spread apart)the mob and control the situation.

Ø Consequently, many students revolted against the Panchayat Government demanding many things regarding educational reformation but later it became a political issue due to public support and realizing the anarchic (uncontrolled) condition and high protest for democracy, king Birendra announced the referendum on 10^th Jestha, 2036 to be held on 20^th Baisakh, 2037.

Ø Referendum is a process of adult franchise for getting direct decision on any issue of national significance. The voters are offered with 2 or 3 issue or alternatives  and decision of  majority     of votes is followed as final implementation. It is similar to an election but the voting is done for an issue rather than a candidate.

Causes of Referendum-2037

Ø The government became suppressive: people were deprived of their fundamental rights.

Ø Various revolts all across the country began. People started revolting against government’s activities.

Ø A series of murder of political activists and the leaders forced the king to think of referendum.

Ø The growing students’ movement also forced king to declare referendum.

 

 

 

7.4 Political Events from 2037 to 2047 (Part –II)

Political Events between 2037 to 2046 BS

1.  Result of Referendum:

•   The Referendum was held on 20^th Baisakh, 2037 BS in which the Reformed Panchayat System obtained about 2.4 million votes (54.79%) in front of 2 million votes (45.21%) for Multi Party System.

•      After then, the constitution of Nepal, 2019 was amended for the third time on 1^st Poush, 2037. The Rastriya Panchayat election was held in 2038 BS and Surya Bdr. Thapa became the Prime Minister.

2. Piskar Assassination:

•   The Piskar Hatyakanda took place on 1^st Magh, 2040 in Piskar Mahadevsthan, Sindhupalchowk district. The political parties were organizing a cultural programme on the occasion of Maghe Shankranti to raise awareness against the Panchayat system. Right that time, Police surrounded the spot and fired randomly killing many innocent villagers such as Bir Bdr. Thami, Ile Thami, etc along with some children. Dozens of others were arrested and tortured. This incident is called as Piskar Assassination.

•   This incident sacked Mr. Thapa from Premiership through the ‘vote of no confidence’ in the Rastriya Panchayat. He was substituted by Lokendra Bdr. Chand and the General Election for Rastriya Panchayat was held in 2043 BS and Marich Man Shrestha became the Prime Minister.

3.Satyagraha by Congress and Bombing by Ramraja:

Ø The Political parties, including Nepali Congress believed that the result of Referendum was not fair as  due to many proxy-votes and threatenings from the Panchayat system.

Ø Therefore, onward 10^th Jestha, 2042, Nepali Congress launched a peaceful Civil Disobedience Movement ( Satyagraha) national wide in demand of democracy. More than 12,000 cadres and well wishers of Nepali Congress supported it and even accepted the persecution and imprisionment.

Ø Meanwhile, Rastriya Janbadi Morcha led by Ramraja Pratap Singh exploded bombs in various places of the Kathmandu valley, Pokhara  including the Royal Palace on 6^th Ashad, 2042. Then, the Panchayat  government passed a new law and Ramraja Pd. Singh, Laxman Pd. Singh, Bishweshor Mandal, Khemraj Bhatta, and Prem Bdr. BK. were announced death penalty.

Ø This violent situation obstructed the Satyagraha and Nepali Congress had to call it of or withdraw it in the middle.

4. Mass Movement-I (2046 BS):

Ø The Democratic forces were in high demand of the restoration of democracy and the general public were too more determined to fight against the Panchayat autocracy.

Ø The National Conference of Nepali Congress held at the residence of Ganesh Man Singh from 5^th to 7^th Magh, 2046 BS and decided to launch People’s Movement in collaboration with the United Left Front. Therefore, the United National People’s Movement Committee (smyukta Rastriya Janaandolan Samitee) was formed under the command of Ganesh Man Singh which started the Mass Movement from 7^th Falgun, 2046 BS.

Ø To stop the movement, king Birendra dissolved the Marich Man-led government and appointed Lokendra Bdr. Chand as the Prime Minister. However, the protest continued with new spirit and commitment.

Ø After of failure of all efforts, the King Birendra invited Ganesh Man Singh, Krishna Pd. Bhattarai, Sahana Pradhan, Girija Pd. Koirala, Nilambar Acharya and Radha Krishna Mainali to the palace of for a talk on 26^th Chaitra, 2046 BS. As per to negotiation, they finally reached an agreement to lift on the ban on political parties. The date was 26^th Chaitra, 2046 BS at 11:45 mid-night, Radio Nepal and NTV broadcasted ending of the Panchayat System and re-establishment of democracy. People rejoice the success and chanted slogans for long life of democracy. An interim government under the premiership of Krishna Pd. Bhattarai was formed on 6^th Baisakh, 2047 BS with the responsibilities of  framing a Democratic Constitution and holding General Election within a year which  were dually fulfilled by the government. In this way, Multiparty was restored in Nepal.

Causes of People’s Mass Movement-2046

Ø The Panchayat supporters were arrogant.

Ø Piskar massacre was a cultural programme of political parties, where the police broke fire.

Ø The Nepali Congress started Satyagraha (fight for truth) in 2042 BS throughout the country.

Ø The government suppressed the agitators.

Consequences/ outcomes of Mass  Movement-I 2046

Ø It restored multiparty democracy.

Ø An interim government was formed.

Ø The Constitution of the kingdom of Nepal was formulated.

Ø General Election was held which gave people an opportunity to vote fro their leaders.

Ø It granted human rights and basic rights to the people.

7.5 Causes of the Rise and Downfall of Panchayat System

 Panchayat System

•      Panchayat system was a party-less political system of autocratic nature introduced in Nepal by the then King Mahendra. However, it was claimed to be a democratic system by the rulers, it was a guided political system. The people could elect their representatives, while the real power of the state would remain in the hands of the King.

Causes of the Rise of Panchayat System

1.     Failure to provide full rights and freedom to citizens after the end of Rana rule in 2007 BS.

2.     Failure of Implementation of the Delhi Agreement in initiation of election for Constituent Assembly.

3.     Ambition of the King Mahendra  who wanted to exercise the absolute power of the state.

4.     Lack of practice and experience of the new political parties in handling the government and addressing the needs of the changing time.

5.     Absence of good governance due to corruption and anti-democratic elements.

6.     Conflicts among the  parties as they criticized each others all the time.

7.     Constitutional weakness as the constitution of Nepal-2015 granted enough space to the King.

8.     Poor awareness among the citizens due to illiteracy.

Causes of Downfall of Panchayat System

1.     Undemocratic nature of Panchayat system as it forwarded autocratic power of the King.

2.     Increased level of literacy and awareness among the people.

3.     Political unity among the parties.

4.     Series of murder and protest against the system.

5.     Panchayat system as the bad government.

6.     International influence of world being free from autocratic rules.

7.     Huge support to the common people in the Mass Movement-I.

 

7.6 Political Events Between 2046to 2063 BS

Major Historical Events Between 2046-2063 BS

1.     Establishment of Multi-party Democracy:

Ø The Panchayat legacy such as National Panchayat, Panchayat Policy and Investigation Committee and its sister organizations were dissolved on 3^rd Baisakh, 2047 BS and then an interim government was formed under the premiership of Krishna Pd. Bhattarai  on 6^th Baisakh 2047 BS. The government was entrusted with two major tasks:

•      To frame the democratic constitution, and

•      To hold the General Election fro parliament.

2. Promulgation of New Constitution:

Ø Th KP Bhattarai led government promulgated the constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2047 on 23^rd Kartik, 2047 BS.

Ø The constitution was drafted by a ten member committee formed on 16^th Jestha, 2047 led by Bishwonath Upadhaya, the then Chief Justice.

3. . General Election and Mid-term Election:

Ø As mentioned in the Constitution, the election of parliament was held on 29^th Baisakh, 2048 for 205 seats  in which Nepali Congress won the majority seats in the House of Representatives (110/205) and the government was formed under the premiership of Girija Pd. Koirala.

Ø The government of Giriaj Pd. Koirala could not function its full form due to intra-conflicts within Nepali Congress and the House of Representatives was dissolved. Therefore, the mid-term election was held on 29^th Kartik  and CPN (UML) got the largest number of seats in the House of Representatives and Minority government was formed under the premiership of Manmohan Adhikari.

Ø The government under Manmohan Adhikari failed to get the vote/support of confidence in the parliament and dissolved after nine months and another Coalition Government was formed under Sher Bahadur Deuba. (Nepali Congress) and so on

Ø The parliamentary General Election was held on 20 Baisakh and 3^rd Jestha 2056.

4. Maoist Armed Revolution and Royal Massacre:

Ø The CPN Maoists declared the Armed Revolution on 1^st Falgun, 2052 BS with the aim to establish a radical political change in the country from Rolpa district.

Ø In the mean time on 19^th Jestha, 2058 BS, the Royal Massacre took place which cost the lives  of the family members of King family.

5. Gyanendra’s Royal Takeover:

Ø After brutal assassination of the Royal Family, Granendra got a chance to play a game in the Nepali Politics. He dissolved the council of ministers led by Sher Bdr. Deuba accusing him as an incompetent Prime Minister.

Ø Gyanendra detained all the political parties and formed the government of his own chairmanship and started another direct rule which was nearly as same as the political coup of 1^st Poush, 2017 BS.

Ø As his undemocratic act was condemned, he reappointed Sher Bdr. Deuba  as Prime Minister and again he seized all the power by deposing Deuba on 19^th Magh, 2061 declaring him as incapable Prime Minister as per thee provision of Article 127 of the constitution and he became despotic.

Article 127of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal-2047

Ø Power to Remove Difficulties: ‘if any difficulties arises in connection with the implementation of this Constitution, His Majesty may issue necessary orders to remove such difficulty and such orders shall be laid before the parliament.

6.  12 Points Agreements/ Background of Mass Movement-II:

Ø The Seven Party Alliance (Nepali Congress, CPN UML, Nepali Congress-Democratic, Janamorcha Nepal, Nepal Majdoor Kisan Party, Nepal Sadbhawana Party (Anandi Devi), and United Left Front) and Maoists signed a 12 points agreement on 7^th Mansir, 2062 in New Delhi. They agreed to start the movement jointly against the autocracy of Gyanendra.

7. Mass Movement – II (2062/063)

Ø The Mass  Movement started from 24^th Chaitra, 2062 with support of SPA and the Maoists with a four day general strike in the nation. The Maoists announced cease-fire in the Kathmandu valley. The Royal government left no stone unturned to suppress the movement. The demonstrators supported by the common citizens poured on the street and disobeyed curfews and bore lathi charges. Finally, more than 4 lakh demonstrators surrounded the king road of the Kathmandu valley and marched a procession chanting various slogans.

8. Establishment of Loktantra:

Ø After 19 days long agitation, Gyanendra realized that the fact and declared the reinstatement of the dissolved of House of Representatives, and returned the sovereignty of the nation to the citizens on 11^th Baisakh, 2063. He announced it as “Janta ko Naso Janta Lai”. Hence, Loktantra (Democracy) was established in the nation.

Mass Movement – I (2046)

1.     It started on 7^th Falgun and ended on 26^th Chitra, 2046 (49 days).

2.     It aimed to re-established democracy by ending the Partyless Panchayat system.

3.     The movement was led by Nepali Congress with direct support of the ULF.

4.     It established the constitutional monarchy in the nation.

5.     It cost the lives of more than 45 people.

 Mass Movement–II (2062/063)

1.     It started on 24^th Chaitra, 2062 and ended on 11^th Baisakh, 2063 (19 days).

2.     It aimed to reinstate the House of Representatives & ending the king’s direct rule.

3.     The movement was led by the SPA  with indirect support of the Maoists.

4.     It removed the king totally from the power and made his property taxable.

5.     It cost the lives of more than 23 people.

Armed Revolution of 2007 BS

Ø The Armed Revolution of 2007 BS was launched of overthrow the autocratic Rana rule.

Ø People and king struggled for over four months continuously to established democracy.

Ø Human causality was less in 2007 compared to that of 2062/063.

Ø People used their power, guns and ammunition in 2007 BS. Agitators captured various places of the country.

Ø Specially the agitators chased away the main officers and their supporters in 2007 BS.

 

 

7.7  Political Events After 2062 BS

1.     Historical Declaration Made by the HoR:

Ø After being reinstated, the House of Representatives held its first meeting on 15^th Baisakh, 2063 and Girija Pd. Koirala was appointed as the PM. On 4^rth Jestha, 2063, the reinstated HoR made the following historic declaration:

•      The legislative power of Nepal shall be exercised by the Hor.

•      The executive power of Nepal shall rest on the Council of Ministers.

•      The income and property of royal family shall be taxable.

•      The king shall be no more the supreme commander of the army.

•      The name ‘Royal Nepal Army’ shall be changed into Nepal Army

•      The name ‘His Majesty Governement’ shall be changed into Nepal Government.

•      Nepal shall be a secular country, from the Hindu Kingdom.

The HoR also decided to carry out the following tasks:

Ø To conduct the election of the Constituent Assembly to draft a good constitution.

Ø To negotiate and bring forth the Maoists into mainstream politics.

Ø  To frame an interim constitution by suspending the constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2047.

2. Comprehensive Peace Accord:

Ø As per the decisions of the HoR, the 8 points agreement was reached between the SPA and the Maoists on 2^nd Ashad, 2063. Then, the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA) was signed between the then Nepal Government (Girija Pd. Koirala) and the CPN Maoists ( Puspa Kamal Dahal) as per to 12 points agreements.

Ø After signing the accord, CPN Maoists agreed to end the 10 year long armed movement and participated permanent the peace progress.

Ø  the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 was promulgated on 1^st Magh, 2063 on political consensus among the major parties.

3. Peace Process and the UNMIN:

Ø The United Nation Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) was a special political mission formed by the UNO on 23^rd January 2007 to support in the peace process of Nepal. It was sent to mediate between the government and the Maoists. It assisted Nepal for 4 years until 1^st Magh, 2063 on political consensus among the major parties.

4. Demise of the CA-I and Political instability:

Ø The Constituent Assembly (CA) is a group representatives elected and nominated for drafting a new constitution as per the popular will of the citizens.

Ø The government conducted the election of the Constituent Assembly-I on 28^th Chaitra, 2064. Out of 54 parties that took part, 25 secured their seats. Since the CA-I could not succeed in drafting the constitution in two years, the tenure of two more years was extended in three installments (1year+6 month+ 6month).

Ø As the political parties could not agree on the agendas of federalism even after four years, the CA-I dissolved on 14^th Kartik, 2069 without completing the task. Dr. Baburam Bhattarai dissolved it and announced the new election for the Constituent Assembly .

5. Interim Election Government and Constituent Assembly –II:

Ø The Interim Election Government was formed on 1^st Chaitra, 2069 BS under the chairmanship of Khil Raj Regmi, then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court with the involvement of civil servants.

Ø The election for the Constituent Assembly was conducted for the second time on 4^th Mansir, 2070 and Nepali Congress won the largest number of seats.

Ø A government was formed under the premiership of Sushil Koirala on 27^th Magh, 2070.

Ø CA-II drafted a new constitution and it was promulgated on 3^rd Asoj, 2072 BS by the first President Dr. Ram Baran Yadav.

Ø A coalition of government was formed under the premiership of KP oli on 24^th Asoj. 2072.

Ø Biddya Devi Bhandari was elected as the second president of Nepal on 19^th Shrawan, 2073.

Ø Pushpa Kamal Dahal became the Prime Minister of Nepal on 19^th  Shrawan, 2073.

Ø First round local election was held on 31^st Baisakh, 2074.

Ø Second round local election was held on 14^th Asar, 2074.

Ø Third round local election was held on 2^nd Asoj, 2074.

Ø First round general election of Federal Parliament and Provincial Assembly was held in 35 Himalayan districts on 10^th Mansir, 2074.

Ø Second round election of Federal Parliament and Provincial Assembly was held in rest 42 district on 21^st Mansir,2074.

Ø National Assembly election was held on 24^th Magh, 2074.

Ø KP Sharma Oli was appointed as the 41^st PM of Nepal on 3^rd Falgun, 2074.

Ø Biddya Devi Bhandari was re-elected as the President for new tenure on 29^th Falgun,2074.

Ø Nanda Bahadur Pun was re-elected as the  Vice- President  for the new tenure on 4^th  Chaitra, 2074.

 

 

7.8. Economic and Social Impacts/Effects After the Mass Movement-II

Economic Changes After Mass Movement –II

1.     The Nepali government has focused on various projects of national prides such as the construction f Kathmandu-Terai Fast Track, Mid-Hill Highway, Hulaki Highway, the Expansion of national and regional airports, completion of hydro power and irrigation projects and Melamchi drinking water project to be completed as soon as possible.

2.     Promulgation of a new constitution has boosted the investors’ confidence with the expectations of more stability in the government’s policy and conductive environment for the public private partnership such as MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agreement).

3.     Cooperatives and banking sectors are playing significant role to provide loans to those who commence self-production and employment activities.

4.      Meaningful involvement of women, private sectors and foreign donors agencies in the infrastructural development are being increased.

5.     New areas for the tourist destination are being explored for the promotion of tourism and farmers are provided with trainings, soft loans and subsidies to increase the agricultural production.

6.     Remmittence is one of the major sources of economic growth of Nepal which is continuously contributing for increasing GDP rate of Nepal. The Nepalese work forces returning from the foreign countries are operating micro-enterprises and commercial farming to help in reduction of unemployment problems.

7.     Initiation taken by the  Non-Residential Nepali (NRN) in investing in different development sectors is the positive system for increasing internal revenue.

8.     Poverty is getting decreased but this type of slow pace of development is not sufficient as per the growing rate of population and its demand.

9.     Corruption, leakage of allocated budget, transparency, and accountability of the concerned authority are keenly checked and warned by the general people, media, civil society and other organized institutions.

Social Changes After Mass Movement –II

1.     According to the principle of Secularism, Nepal has not aligned to any particular religion. All the religions are equally recognized.

2.     Nepal has adopted the promotional and inclusive democratic system due to which women, disabled, socio-economically backward, indigenous and marginalized groups have the proportionate and inclusive participation in social, economic and political mainstream.

3.     The constitution has made the special provision to empower women such as equal rights to parental properties, reservation seats in services, acquisition of citizenship in name of mother, safe abortion and provision for single and widow women.

4.      Political consciousness among the people has made them able to raise voice against injustice, exploitation, corruption or other discriminations of the social, economic and political sectors.

5.      Development in communication, education and health has made the life of the people easier.

6.     Traditional and conservative beliefs such as polygamy, domestic violence, child marriage, blind faiths etc are gradually being disappeared/ discouraged  from different communities.

7.     Feeling of nationality and self-respect have been developed in common people. The collaborative attitudes are seen in the people for working together for the welfare of the people.

Reasons behind the People’s Movement-II:

—  To conduct the election of the Constituent Assembly.

—  To declare Nepal as a secular state.

—  To end 240 years long Monarchial system.

—  To establish republic and ensure the fundamental rights of the people.

Reasons of the cabinet of Khil Raj Regmi Formed are:

—  The cabinet of Khil Raj Regmi was formed due to following reasons:

1.     The first Constituent Assembly was dissolved on 14^th Jestha, 2069.

2.     Lack of consensus, cooperation and unanimous issues among the political parties is the main cause.

3.     Political parties could not form a government from general election.

4.     Political parties had to create an environment for holding second Constituent Assembly.

Reasons of failure of Constituent Assembly:

1.     Mistrust and misunderstanding among the political parties in several issues.

2.     As many political parties were representing in the constituent assembly, it was complicated to make an agreement among them all regarding the constitutional matters.

3.     The Political parties could not rise above party and think for nation.

4.     The political parties were focused on forming government rather than drafting the constitution.

5.     No political parties had the majority of seats in the constituent assembly.

6.     The constituent assembly was large in size and composition.

7.     The political leaders and political parties lacked knowledge and experience in drafting constitution in consensus. -;xdlt_

7.9  Causes of the First World War

War and its Types:

—  War- An action of violence, conflict or fighting.

3 Types of  war:

1.     World War: The direct or indirect involvement of the most of the powerful countries of the world in fighting. For instance, first world war.

2.     Cold War: The state of political hostility that creates a cold or bad relationship between or among the countries. For instance, between China and European Countries.

3.     Civil War: War between/among the citizens of a same country. For instance, between the Maoists and the then government in Nepal.

                                  

Causes of the World War-I

1.     Formation of Hostile Alliances:  When Ottoman Bismarck became the chancellor of Germany in 1870 AD, he adopted the policy of extension of Germany, and isolate France and consequently made a secret alliance known as ‘Dual Alliance’ with Austria-Hungray in 1879 and Italy joined this ‘Dual Alliance’  in 1892 and it became a central power known as ‘Tripple Alliance’. On the other hand, France also signed a secret treaty with Russia (in 1894 AD) and with Britain (in 1904 AD) which was called ‘Triple Entente’. Thus, the whole Europe turned in to two strong rival groups.

2.  Extreme Nationalism:  Nationalism can be an evil force and a curse to humanity. It is usually based on the slogan ‘My country, right or wrong is the greatest’. It sowed  the seeds of the First World War.  For instance, Germany and Italy were so proud that they were not ready to accept the existence of other countries.

3.   Expansionism, Colonization and Imperialism:  Due to Industrial Revolution in Europe, many powerful European nations started capturing and ruling over the weaker nations mainly from Africa and Asia for expansion of markets and to obtain raw materials  in return which created hostility and unfriendly relations among themselves. Germany, Britain, France and Russia moved ahead and developed colonization and imperialism to show strength which led situation to clash with each other.

4.  Militarism and Armaments: France started armament and military race after its lands ( Alsace and Lorraine) were annexed by Germany in 1871 AD. Germany, too, involved in the race.  A trend of collecting, producing or increasing arms, weapons and military forces doubled. Such competition of strengthening military power triggered the out break of the war.

5.  Role of News papers:  The newspapers and magazines of the European countries provoked nationalistic feelings among the citizens. They published fake news  and propaganda about other countries and rulers. When the colonization was going on, they published a minor event as if the whole nation was annexed or destroyed.

6.   Character of Wilhelm II:  Kaiser Wilhelm II, German emperor  was an ‘arrogant, proud and uncompromising man’. He wanted to make Germany the world power. He believed in the policy of  ‘World Power or Downfall’ . He wanted to dominate Britain and prove it weaker at any cost which developed a rivalry between Germany and Britain.

7.  Balkan Crisis: Before the First world war, many countries of Balkan region like Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia etc. were under the rule of Turkey which was called the Ottoman Empire. Turkey had imposed suppressive rule over the Christian people of this region. Therefore, they wanted independence for Ottoman Empire, which finally led to the outbreak of the world war –I.

8.  Issue  of Bosnia and Herzegovina:  The Berlin Conference had given Bosnia and Herzegovina, two other Balkan states to Austria-Hungary in 1878 AD but not permanently. However, Austria-Hungary  annexed them into its territory in 1908 AD.  Most of the people of Bosnia-Herzegovina were Serbian by race who wanted either total independence or annexation to Serbia. Therefore, they formed a underground spy organization called the ‘Black Hand Society’  or ‘Unity or Death’, supported by Serbia which consequently developed enmity or cold relation among them and out broke the war.

9. The Immediate Cause (Murder of the Crown Prince of Austria Hungary): Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir of Austrian throne was once travelling through the streets of Serajevo, the capital of Bosania, along with wife Sophie Chotek, a Black Hand Society member of 19 years old Bosanian student Gabrilo Princep murdered the couple, shooting from nearby on 28^th June 1914. This incident sparked off the First World War as Austria declared war on Serbia on 23^rd July, 1914 AD.

—  Points to be remembered…

Ø Turkey was called “the sick man of Europe” because in the Balkan area of Turkey, there was a great empire called Ottoman Empire which later on, got divided, and became weak.

Ø Japan invaded Manchuria  of  China in 1931 AD.

Ø First world war began on 1^st Germany declared war against Russia and it ended on 11^th November, 1918 AD.

 

 

7.10 Consequences of the First World War

Events to be remembered…

—  1914- 28^th June- Murder of Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Chotek and Franz Joseph, the emperor of Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia on the same day.

—  29^th July- Russia mobilized its army to defend Serbia.

—  30^th July Germany pressurized Russian emperor Tsar Nicholas II to withdraw its army back and 1^st August Germany declared war against Russia and France ordered its army to support Russia.

—  3^rd August- Germany declared war against France sending its troops Belgium, a neutral country to attack France. Britain warned Germany to withdraw its force back and 4^th August, Britain declared war against Germany.

—  12^th August, Britain and France declared war against Austria-Hungary and 23^rd August, Japan joined Triple Entente and declared war against Germany.

—  1915- 24th May, Italy joined Triple Entente and declared war against Austria-Hungary.

—  15^th October, Britain declared war against Bulgaria.

—  1916- 27^th August, Romania declared war against Austria-Hungary and 28^th August, Italy declared war against Germany.

—  1918- 7^th August, The ‘Black Day 'of German Force and 9^th November, German Emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II Fled to Holland.

—  1919- 18^th January, Paris Peace Conference was held and 28^th June, Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Versailles Palace of France, and the World War-I formally ended.

Consequences of the World War-I

1.     Treaty of Versailles: Treaty of Versailles was signed between the Allies and Germany in the Versailles Palace of France on 28^th June 1919AD to end war formally. It was not the consensus treaty but one-sided imposed treaty against the spirit of Germany making it sole responsible for the war crime with given provisions:

A. War Crime: Germany was declared as war criminal and it had to take sole moral responsibility of all types of losses of the war.

B. Loss of Territory: Germany had to loss about its territory to the following:

Ø Alsace and Lorraine to France

Ø Eurpen-Malmedy to Belgium

Ø North Schleswig to Denmark

Ø Posen, Prussia and Upper Silesia to Poland

Ø Saar and Danzing were kept under the control of League of Nations

Ø City of Memel to Lithuania, a new Baltic state

Ø All German colonies were seized and divided among the Allies

C. Military Restrictions:

Ø Germany had to withdraw its army from Rhineland and it was kept under the Allies for 15 years.

Ø It had to reduce its army up to 1 lakh and new recruitment was prohibited.

Ø It was allowed to keep just 4 warships.

Ø It was banned to manufacture weapons, weapons, arms, ammunitions, tanks, airplanes, warships, etc

D. War Compensations:

Ø Germany had to pay gold and other compensation worth of $33000 million to the Allied Power as compensation.

Ø Saar coal production area had to be given to Franc for 15 years.

2. Unprecedented (slxn} gePsf]_Loss of Life and Property:

Ø About 9.2 million, people were killed, 13 million  were injured and 6 million became disable forever, and rest of many others disappeared or became orphans and so on. It destroyed an unimaginable property ruining many big buildings, industries, hospitals, bridges and beautiful cities.  About 36 nations involved in the war and the direct expense exceeded more than $186 billion.

3. Fall of Absolute Monarchy and Rise of Republic:

Ø The Monarchial system collapsed and the republican systems were established in many countries. The autocratic rule of Russian Emperor Nicholas, German Emperor William II, Sultan of Turkey and Bulgaria collapsed after the first war and Republic democracy took place.

4. Rise of New Nations:

Ø After the war, the map of the world changed as many new countries emerged. General citizens became politically conscious and gradually demanded for separate state by launching separatist movements.  Albania, Yugoslavia, Poland,  Finland, Czechoslovakia emerged in the world map (Europe).

5. Economic Crisis and Social Changes:

Ø Due to war, the European countries had a severe crisis. Agricultural and industrial sectors were badly affected.

Ø When the male population decreased in the societies, women were encouraged to work in the offices or factories. Women’s movements were launched to fight for the rights and the principles of equality, equity, justice etc. were discussed openly.

6. Formation of League of Nation:

Ø Consequently, the League of Nation, the first global organization was formed on10th January, 1920 to restore peace, cooperation and develop mutual understanding among the nations of the world. It also aimed to prevent the out break wars in future and to settle the disputes in peaceful manner.

Role of Nepal in the First World War

—  Nepal fought in the first world war  on the behalf of Britain. Chandra Shamsher (PM) sent 7000 soldiers to assist Britain under the command of Army General Babar Shumsher. Later on, other soldiers were also sent under the leadership of the General Padma Shumsher, Tej Shumsher and Keshar Shumsher.

—  Nepal was assisted through the cash amount 1 million pound.

—  The wonderful heroism and valour of  the Nepali Soldiers can be felt through the words of Keizer Wiliam II who said, “ I can send my army to fight against any troops of the world, but my heart shivers when I hear the name of Gurkhas”.

—  Due to outstanding demonstrations, Britain had awarded some of the Nepali soldiers with the ‘Victoria Cross’ and the ‘Military Cross’, the great honorary awards. Chandra Shumsher was also given the title ‘General’ during his time.

 Some points to be remembered….

Ø Victoria Cross: the highest military decoration in Britain named after Queen Victoria.

 

 

7.11 Causes of the Second world war (1939-1945)

                               

Causes of the World War –II

1.Treaty of Versailles and its violation:
Ø Treaty of Versailles was unfair and vengeful to Germany like ‘a knife at its throat’ which sowed the seed of the second world war. Germany could never forget such a humiliation and was waiting for a right time to avenge it.
2. Rise of Hitler and Militarism:
Ø As the world was suffering from economic crisis, unemployment and frustration, Adolf Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, General Francisco in Spain and Joseph Stalin(a man of steel) in Russia appeared carrying the slogans of extreme nationalism. Hitler arose the sense of patriotism and assured for reunification of Germany as in the past and became the chancellor of Germany who forwarded the militarism consequently resulted the world war.
3.World Economic Crisis:
Ø The devastation of the World War –I had caused economic crisis and depression through out the world, mainly in the decade of 1920s. The trade, commerce, and agriculture had been crippled and unemployment were soaring up. In such a crisis, the suffering mass trusted whatever the rulers said and the dictators created war sentiments among themselves and others.
4.Threat of Communism:
Ø Communism was established in Russia after the October Revolution f 1917 AD and it was making economic progress in a short span of time. To prevent the spread of Communism, Japan and Germany signed an anti-communist treaty called Anti Comintern Pact in 1936 AD  and later it was called Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis after Italy joined it in 1937 which created tussle among the coutries.
5. Japanese Imperialism:
Ø Japan joined the Axis Power during WW-II as it couldn’t get much advantages in the WW –I from the Allied power as expected and competed in the race of Imperialism to sell massive production of goods and captured Manchuria of China in 1931 AD which inspired Hitler to annex others’ land to its territory.
6. Spanish Civil War:
Ø There was an internal conflict between republican and conservative parties in Spain in 1936 AD. When General Franco was elected, he mobilized the armed force to suppress the war between. He was supported by Germany and Italy with arms and ammunitions and skilled troops. After the successful victory in Spain, General Franco joined the Axis power  and started to clash against Allies power. As a result, war sentiment  increased and provoked to the world.
7. Failure of the League of Nation:  The League of Nations was established to prevent war and develop cooperation but it failed to perform its task or mission when the powerful European countries were violating the Treaty of Versailles.
—  Japan and Germany withdraw their membership from the league.
—  Japan annexed Manchuria in 1931; Italy annexed Ethiopia in 1936; Russia annexed Finland in 1939 and Germany annexed Austria in 1939.
                                                                            Two reasons for its failure: One it was formed as per the idea of the then American President Woodrow Wilson and the USA never became its member and the second the extreme nationalism obstructed it in its smooth functioning.
8.     The Immediate Cause (Attack on Poland by Germany):
Ø Hitler demanded Danzing and Polish Corridor form Poland in 1939 AD because of their  access to the Adriatic Sea but Poland refused as the Treaty of  Versailles given to it.
Ø Meanwhile, Hitler signed a treaty with Russia called ‘Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact’ on 23^rd  August, 1939.
Ø Both countries agreed to divide Poland equally after attack and not to fight for atleat 10 years to each others.
Ø After then, Germany surprisingly attacked upon Poland with quick bombarding both on land and air and as a result, France jointly declared  war against Germany and the WW-II broke out.

Climax  of the World War -II
—  World War –II  took place due to egoistic feeling or rivalry between the Axis and Allies powers.
—  Before 1940 AD, France, Poland, Denmark, Netherland, Norway, Belgium, Czechoslovakia etc were defeated by Germany.
—  Japan was the dominant country in Asia which invaded east Asia, South East Asia and even reached up to India. The victorious Japan attacked Pearl Harbour and Hawaii Island of America on 7^th December, 1941 AD. After this event, America was compelled to join the war from the side of Allies power.
—  After the involvement of America, the countries of the Axis power were gradually defeated in the war. Germany was East Germany and West German, Hitler committed suicide and Germany surrendered on 7^th May 1945 AD. Japan alone was fighting against the Allies power.
—  America dropped atom bombs in Hiroshima on 6^th August and Nagasaki on 9^th August 1945 AD) and these cities were completely destroyed. Japan surrendered in front of the Allies power unconditionally and on 12^th September 1945AD World War –II came to an end.

 

 

7.12 Consequences of the Second World War

Events to be remembered…

—  1936- German troops captured Rhineland.

—  1938-German attaacked Austria.

—  1939-10^th March Germany annexed Czechoslovakia; 1^st September, Germany attacked Poland; and 3^rd September, Britain and France declared war against Germany.

—  1940-9^th April, Germany attacked Denmark and Norway; 30^th April, Japan joined Axis power; 10^th May, Germany attacked Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg; 17^th May, Germany attacked France; 10^th June, Italy declared war against Britain and France; 10^th July, Britain started taking part in war; and 28^th October, Italy attacked Greece.

—  1941- 6^th April, Germany attacked Yugoslavia and Greece; 21^st April, Greece surrendered; 22^nd June, Germany attacked Russia; 1^st September,  Italy attacked Egypt; 7^th December, Japan attacked at Pearl Harbour (USA) and destroyed 18 ships, 200 planes and killed 3000 men; and 8^th December, the USA declared war against Axis Power.

—  1942- 27^th February, Ocean war at Java; 4^th May, battle of Coral Ocean; and battle of Midway.

—  1943- 3^rd September, Italy surrendered to the Allies but it was made public on 8^th September only.

—  1944- 25^th August, Allied nations freed Paris.

—  1945- 17^th January, Russia invaded Warsaw on Poland; 12^th April, Death of US president Franklin D. Roosevelt; 28^th April, murder of Benito Mussolini; 30^th April, Hitler and his beloved Eva Braun committed suicide; 7^th May, Germany surrendered at Rheims; 6^th August, the US dropped atom bomb Little Boy at Hiroshima; 9^th August, the US dropped atom bomb Fate Man at Nagasaki; 12^th September, Japan surrendered and WW-II ended; and 24^th October, formation of the United Nations Organization.

Effects/Impacts/Consequences of WW-II:

1.  Unexpected loss of Life and Property: The war took the lives of 12 million soldiers  and 1o million civilians due to diseases and starvation. More than, 34 million civilians were wounded and maimed(permanently injured). Likewise, the total expanse of the USA alone was $350 billion and other countries a trillion dollars. The devastation of private and public property crossed the acme (apex) and the fertile land changed into desert and the economic activities became null.

2.   Division of Germany and the Cold War: Germany was split into East Germany and West Germany in 1945. The former was under influence of the communist Soviet Union (USSR) and West Germany under the capitalist like the USA, the UK and France which resulted global political ideology: communist and capitalist resulting cold war between the USA and USSR for a long run which gradually ceased after the decline of the USSR on 26^th December 1991.

3. National Movements and End of Colonization: 

After the WW- II, the wave of national movement against colonial rule spread so far in the Afro-Asian countries  which resulted many countries independence from the grip of European countries. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Egypt etc. (from  Britain)Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos (from France) and Indonesia ( from Netherlands). It influenced Nepal in establishing Democracy overthrowing  Rana Rule.

4.Emergence of America as Super Power: Since the grip of the UK as world power ceased right after the end of the WW-II as many of her colonies in Asia and Africa got independence. Instead, America emerged as the super power of the world. Her policy and its execution started influencing the world economy various ways. 

5.     Marshall Plan (ERP) and Molotov Plan (COMECON)
Marshall Plan (ERP)
1.     The US Secretary of State, George C. Marshall prepared a plan is called Marshall plan in 1948 AD.
2.      It was established to provide financial assistance to the war trodden countries
3.     The hidden motto was to prevent the influence of communism among the countries of her influence.
4.     It is also known as ERP- European Recovery Program) and it spent 13 billion dollars to rebuild the European economy under this plan.
5.     Britain, France, Denmark, Italy, Greece, Belgium, West Germany etc were the members of ERP.
Molotov Plan (COMECON)
1.     The USSR  introduced the Molotov Plan to counter attack ERP in 1949.
2.     It also aimed to provide economic aid to the countries of her side believing in communism.
3.     It is called Molotov plan since it was introduced by the foreign minister of Russia,  V.M. Molotov.
4.     It was expanded or known as COMECON – Council for Mutual Economic Aid)
5.     USSR, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany etc were the members of it.

6. Formation of the UNO: The most important outcome of the WW–II was the establishment of the UNO on 24^th October, 1945. It came as a successor of the League of Nations since the latter failed in its mission of preventing war and developing cooperation. Its objectives were:

Ø To maintain international peace, harmony and security by settling down the conflicts in a peaceful manner.

Ø To develop friendly relation amongst the member nations facilitating cooperation on the basis of the international law.

Ø To promote socio-cultural and economic development of the member countries.

Ø To protect and promote human rights with the principles of equality and fundamental freedom.

Role of Nepal in the World War-II

—  Juddha Shumsher sent 8,000 military forces to India under the command of Bahadur Shumsher in the first phase on the behalf of Britain in the Second World War.

—  Altogether, as per the need, about 2,50,000 Nepalese soldiers were sent to fight in the war time and again and among them, 7,533 were killed and disappeared whereas 23,656 were injured seriously.

—  The Nepalese Army mainly fought against Japan and Germany on behalf of the British Government during the war. They fought in Cyprus, Greece, Syria, Iran, Italy, Lebanon, Palestine, Iraq, Singapore, Malaya ( Western Malaysia), Burma, Sudan, Myanmar, Ethiopia etc in the WW-II.

—  Being happy, Britain awarded some of them with the ‘Victoria Cross’ and the ‘Military Cross’. The British Government provided 33.3 million lump-sum rupees to Nepal as a mark of her gratitude and promised to pay 1 million annually. Juddha Shumsher was also awarded with the full honourary designation of ‘ General of the British Army’.

—  Lal Bdr. Thapa and Laxman Gurung – awarded with ‘Victoria Cross’.

 

Dissimilarities between WW-I & WW-II

First World War

1. Militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism are the main causes

of the WW-I.

2. The technologies used in the war were airplanes, machine guns and poison gas.

3.British propaganda & German submarine warfare triggered the United States to involve in the WW-I.

4. Treaty of Versailles ended the

WW-I.

5.League of Nations was established after the WW-I.

Second World War

1. The peace treaty of Paris, nationalism in Europe and rise of dictators were the main causes.

2. The technologies used in the war were Radar, Jets, helicopters, and atom bombs.

3. Japan’s bombing at Pearl Harbour dragged the US in the Second World War.

4. Yalta Conference ended the Second World War.

5. Unite Nations was established after the Second World War.

 

Is there any possibility of a Third World War? Give reasons.

—  Third World War is a future thing and possibly a space war. It will be a war for the countries till their ends causing the end of the human race.

—  Some possibilities  are:

1.     Old age rivalry of Americans and Russians.

2.     Fractions between Capitalists and Communists.

3.     Civil wars supported by the hostile powers.

4.     Selfishness of the powerful nations.

5.     Development of the armaments.

6.     Terrorist Activities in the world.

7.     Race of being Super Power.

 

 

 

 

7.13  Research, Identification, Preservation and Promotion of  Historical Sites and Monuments

Report Writing

—  Any written information that includes specific details of some events, places, persons or institutions is known as a report writing. A report writing process is systematic approach that involves various essential components.

—  Elements of a Report Writing Process:

1.     Introduction: It includes the title of the excursion and the place of visit with the reasons of visits.

2.     Objectives: It incorporates the major purposes of carrying out the excursion.

3.     Methodology: It encompasses the main ways ( Primary and Secondary) bringing out the excursion.

4.     Findings: It deals with the principle out comes of the excursion.

5.     Conclusion an Recommendation: It states the chief postulations of the researcher and the main strategies of improving the situation of the site.

 

Any Queries...?